如题所述
第1个回答 2014-05-28
出师表 作者: 诸葛亮 前出师表 臣亮言：先帝创业未半，而中道崩殂；今天下三分，益州疲敝，此诚危急存亡之秋也。然侍卫之臣，不懈于内；忠志之士，忘身于外者：盖追先帝之殊遇，欲报之于陛下也。诚宜开张圣听，以光先帝遗德，恢弘志士之气；不宜妄自菲薄，引喻失义，以塞忠谏之路也。宫中府中，俱为一体；陟罚臧否，不宜异同：若有作奸犯科，及为忠善者，宜付有司，论其刑赏，以昭陛下平明之治；不宜偏私，使内外异法也。侍中、侍郎郭攸之、费依、董允等，此皆良实，志虑忠纯，是以先帝简拔以遗陛下：愚以为宫中之事，事无大小，悉以咨之，然后施行，必得裨补阙漏，有所广益。将军向宠，性行淑均，晓畅军事，试用之于昔日，先帝称之曰“能”，是以众议举宠为督：愚以为营中之事，事无大小，悉以咨之，必能使行阵和穆，优劣得所也。亲贤臣，远小人，此先汉所以兴隆也；亲小人，远贤臣，此后汉所以倾颓也。先帝在时，每与臣论此事，未尝不叹息痛恨于桓、灵也！侍中、尚书、长史、参军，此悉贞亮死节之臣也，愿陛下亲之、信之，则汉室之隆，可计日而待也。 臣本布衣，躬耕南阳，苟全性命于乱世，不求闻达于诸侯。先帝不以臣卑鄙，猥自枉屈，三顾臣于草庐之中，谘臣以当世之事，由是感激，遂许先帝以驱驰。后值倾覆，受任于败军之际，奉命于危难之间：尔来二十有一年矣。先帝知臣谨慎，故临崩寄臣以大事也。受命以来，夙夜忧虑，恐付托不效，以伤先帝之明；故五月渡泸，深入不毛。今南方已定，甲兵已足，当奖帅三军，北定中原，庶竭驽钝，攘除奸凶，兴复汉室，还于旧都：此臣所以报先帝而忠陛下之职分也。至于斟酌损益，进尽忠言，则攸之、依、允等之任也。愿陛下托臣以讨贼兴复之效，不效则治臣之罪，以告先帝之灵；若无兴复之言，则责攸之、依、允等之咎，以彰其慢。陛下亦宜自谋，以谘诹善道，察纳雅言，深追先帝遗诏。臣不胜受恩感激！ 今当远离，临表涕泣，不知所云。 后出师表 先帝虑汉、贼不两立，王业不偏安，故托臣以讨贼也。以先帝之明，量臣之才，故知臣伐贼，才弱敌强也。然不伐贼，王业亦亡。惟坐而待亡，孰与伐之？是故托臣而弗疑也。臣受命之日，寝不安席，食不甘味；思惟北征，宜先入南：故五月渡泸，深入不毛，并日而食。——臣非不自惜也：顾王业不可偏安于蜀都，故冒危难以奉先帝之遗意。而议者谓为非计。今贼适疲于西，又务于东，兵法“乘劳”：此进趋之时也。谨陈其事如左： 高帝明并日月，谋臣渊深，然涉险被创，危然后安；今陛下未及高帝，谋臣不如良、平，而欲以长策取胜，坐定天下：此臣之未解一也。刘繇、王朗，各据州郡，论安言计，动引圣人，群疑满腹，众难塞胸；今岁不战，明年不征，使孙策坐大，遂并江东：此臣之未解二也。曹操智计，殊绝于人，其用兵也，仿怫孙、吴，然困于南阳，险于乌巢，危于祁连，逼于黎阳，几败北山，殆死潼关，然后伪定一时耳；况臣才弱，而欲以不危而定之：此臣之未解三也。曹操五攻昌霸不下，四越巢湖不成，任用李服而李服图之，委任夏侯而夏侯败亡，先帝每称操为能，犹有此失；况臣弩下，何能必胜：此臣之未解四也。自臣到汉中，中间期年耳，然丧赵云、阳群、马玉、阎芝、丁立、白寿、刘合、邓铜等，及驱长屯将七十余人，突将无前，丛叟、青羌，散骑武骑一千余人，此皆数十年之内，所纠合四方之精锐，非一州之所有；若复数年，则损三分之二也。——当何以图敌：此臣之未解五也。今民穷兵疲，而事不可息；事不可息，则住与行，劳费正等；而不及今图之，欲以一州之地，与贼持久：此臣之未解六也。 夫难平者，事也。昔先帝败军于楚，当此时，曹操拊手，谓天下已定。 然后先帝东连吴、越，西取巴、蜀，举兵北征，夏侯授首：此操之失计，而汉事将成也。 然后吴更违盟，关羽毁败，秭归蹉跌，曹丕称帝：凡事如是，难可逆见。臣鞠躬尽瘁，死而后已；至于成败利钝，非臣之明所能逆睹也。 The First Ruler had accomplished but half his great task at his death. At this moment the empire is in three parts, and our country is weak; it is a most critical moment for us. Still, ministers are not remiss in the capital, and loyal and devoted soldiers sacrifice their lives abroad, for they still remember the special kindness of the First Ruler and wish to show their gratitude to him by service to Your Majesty. Therefore it would be indeed fitting that you should extend your holy virtue to glorify his virtuous memory in the stimulation of the will of your purposeful officers. Your Majesty should not lose yourself in the pursuit of mean things, quoting phrases to confound the eternal principles of rectitude, and so preventing remonstrance from honest people. One rule applies to the palace of the Emperor and the residence of a courtier; there must be one law rewarding the good and punishing the evil. Evil-doers and law-breakers, as also true and good people, should be dealt with according to their deserts by the officers concerned in order to manifest Your Majesty's impartial and enlightened administration. Partiality is wrong, as is one law for the court and another for the regions. "The High Ministers Fei Yi, Guo Youzhi, and Dong Yun are honest men, devotedly anxious to be loyal to the last degree; wherefore His Late Majesty chose them in his testament. My advice is to consult them in all Palace matters, great or small, before taking action. Your Majesty will reap the enormous advantage of having any failings corrected. "General Xiang Chong is a man of well-balanced temperament, versed in military matters, to whom, after testing him, the late Emperor applied the epithet 'capable'. The consensus of opinion is that Xiang Chong should be Grand Commander. My advice is to consult him in all military matters, great or small, whereby your military forces will yield their maximum, each one being employed to the best advantage. "Attract worthy people; repel mean ones. This policy achieved the glory of the Former Hans, while its reversal ruined the Latter Hans. When the late Emperor was with us, he often discussed this with your servant, and he took much to heart the story of Emperors Huan and Ling. "The Chair of the Secretariat Chen Zhen, Commander Zhang Si, and Minister Jiang Wan are all incorruptible and enlightened people, honest to the death. I wish that Your Majesty should have them near and hold them in confidence. If this be done, then the glory of the House of Han will be quickly consummated. "I was originally a private person, a farmer in Nanyang, concerned only to secure personal safety in a troubled age and not seeking conversation with the contending nobles. His Late Majesty, the First Ruler, overlooking the commonness of my origin, condescended to seek me thrice in my humble cot and consult me on the trend of events. His magnanimity affected me deeply, and I consented to do my utmost for him. Then came defeat, and I took office at a moment of darkest outlook and at a most difficult crisis. This is twenty-one years ago. The First Ruler recognized my diligent care, and when dying he confided the great task to me. From that day I have lived a life of anxiety lest I should fail in my trust and so dim his glory. "That is why I undertook the expedition to the lands beyond the River Lu. Now the Southern Mangs has been quelled, and our army is in good condition. I ought to lead it against the north, where I may meet with a measure of success in the removal of the wicked ones, the restoration of Han, and a return to the old capital. This is my duty out of gratitude to the late Emperor and loyalty to Your Majesty. As to a discussion of the pros and cons and giving a true version of the whole matter, that belongs to Guo Youzhi and Fei Yi and Dong Yun. I desire Your Majesty to confide to me the task of slaying the rebels and restoring the Hans. If I fail, then punish me by telling the spirit of the late Emperor. If you know not what restoration implies, that is the fault of your advisers. "Your Majesty should take pains to be guided into the right path and examine carefully what is laid before you, carefully remembering the late Emperor's testament. "I cannot express what would be my delight if you had the goodness to accept and act on my advice. "Now I am about to depart on a distant expedition, I write this with tears, and in deep emotions, beyond my words." "The First Ruler always said: 'Han and rebels cannot coexist; a ruler's domain cannot be confined.' Wherefore he laid upon me, thy minister, to destroy the rebels. Measuring my powers by his perspicacity, he knew that I should attack and oppose my talents, inadequate as they might be, to their strength, for, if I did not, the royal domain would be destroyed. It was a question whether to await destruction without effort, or to attack? Wherefore he assigned me the task confidently. Thenceforward this task occupied all my thoughts. "Considering that the south should be made secure before the north could be attacked, I braved the heat of summer and plunged deep into the wilds of the Mang nations. Not that I was careless of myself or the soldiers, but urged by the one consideration, that the royal domain should not be restricted to the capital of Shu, I faced dangers in obedience to the First Ruler's behest. But there were critics who said that I should not do it. "Now the rebels have been weakened in the west and have become defeated in the east. The rule of war is to take advantage of the enemy's weakness, and so now is the time to attack. I shall discuss the various circumstances in order. "The enlightenment of the Founder of the Hans, Liu Bang, rivaled the glory of the sun and moon; his counselors were profound as the ocean abyss. Nevertheless, he trod a hazardous path and suffered losses, only attaining repose after passing through great dangers. Your Majesty does not reach his level, nor do your counselors equal Zhang Liang and Chen Ping. Yet while we desired victory, we would sit idle, waiting till the empire should become settled. This attitude is beyond my comprehension. "Imperial Protector Liu Yao and Governor Wang Lang each occupied a territory. They passed their time in talking of tranquillity and discussing plans, quoting the sayings of the sages till they were filled with doubts and obsessed with difficulties. So this year was not the time to fight, nor next year the season to punish, and, thus talking, it came about that Sun Ce grew powerful and possessed himself of all the South Land. This sort of behavior I cannot understand. "In craft Cao Cao surpassed all humans. He could wield armies like the great strategists of old, Sun Zi and Wu Qi. Yet he was surrounded in Nanyang, was in danger at Wuchao, was in difficulties at Qilian, was hard pressed in Liyang, was nearly defeated at Beishan, and nearly killed at Tong Pass. Yet, after all these experiences, there was a temporary and artificial state of equilibrium. How much less can I, a man of feeble powers, bring about a decision without running risks? I fail to understand. Kveltulfr -- There you have it -- Right from Zhuge Liang himself. He seems to always be right, so how can people keep insisting that Cao Cao was some nitwit who couldn't tell his head from his ass? He was a good leader. He was smart. You don't like him? Deal with it. Don't lie about his abilities to make him look bad. JiangWeiWarrior -- he was smart, but not damn smart like I said. -- And is killing his top advisor (for disagreeing with him) makes him a good leader? If you don't think so, prove it otherwise or take the credibility for BS'ing. MasterLiang -- Never heard anyone seriously call him a nitwit. -- It's just funny as hell to abuse him whenever he says "Thats my idea!" "Cao Cao failed in five attacks on Changba, and four times crossed Lake Chaohu without success. He employed Li Zu, who betrayed him, and put his trust in Xiahou Yuan, who was defeated and died. The First Ruler always regarded Cao Cao as an able man, and yet Cao Cao made such mistakes. How then can I, in my worn-out condition, avoid any error? I do not understand why. "Only one year has elapsed since I went into Hanzhong, yet we have lost Zhao Zilong, Yang Qun, Ma Yun, Yan Zhi, Ding Li, Bo Shou, Liu He, Deng Tong, and others, and leaders of rank and generals of stations, to the number of near eighty, all people unsurpassed in dash and valor, and more than a thousand of the specialized forces of horse and trained cavalry of the Sou and the Tangut tribespeople in the Gobi Desert, whose martial spirit we have fostered these ten years all about us, and not only in one region. If we delay much longer, two-thirds of this will have dissipated, and how then shall we meet the situation? I do not understand delay. TheYellowDwarf -- Indeed. -- This is perhaps the reason why Zhuge Liang was continuously taking aggressive actions towards the North, because all these good generals cannot be produced in a single province (Yizhou) alone. "The people are stretched and the army exhausted indeed, but confusion does not cease. If confusion does not cease, then, whether we go on or stand still the drain is the same. Does it seems that attack should not be made yet? Is it that the rebels are to be allowed to obtain a permanent hold on some territory? I do not understand the arguments. "A stable condition of affairs is indeed difficult to obtain. Once, when the First Ruler was defeated in Jingzhou, Cao Cao patted himself on the back and said that the empire was settled. Yet, after that, the First Ruler obtained the support of Wu and Yue on the east, took Ba and Shu on the west, and undertook an expedition to the north, wherein Xiahou Yuan lost his life. So Cao Cao calculations proved erroneous, and the affairs of Han seemed about to prosper. But, still later, Wu proved false to pledges, our Guan Yu was defeated, we sustained a check at Zigui---and Cao Pi assumed the imperial style. Such events prove the difficulty of forecast. I shall strive on to the end, but the final result, whether success or failure, whether gain or loss, is beyond my powers to foresee." 你要日语翻译么？ 臣亮言す。先帝業を創めて未だ半ばならずして、中道にして崩祖せり。今天下三分すれども、 益州は疲弊す。此れ誠に危急存亡の秋なり。然れども侍衛の臣、内に懈らず、忠志の士、身を 外に忘るるは、蓋し先帝の殊遇を追いて、之を陛下に報いんと欲すればなり。誠に宜しく聖聴 を開張して、以て先帝の遺徳を光かにし、志士の気を恢弘すべし。宜しく妄りに菲薄なりと し、喩えを引き義を失いて、以て忠諫の路を塞ぐべからざるなり。 宮中?府中は倶に一体たり。臧否を陟罰すること、宜しく異同あるべからず。若し姦を作し 科を犯し、及び忠善を為す者有らば、宜しく有司に付して、其の刑賞を論じ、以て陛下平明の 治を昭らかにすべし。宜しく偏私して内外をして法を異にせしむべからざるなり。 侍中?侍郎?郭攸之、費偉、董允らは、此れ皆良実にして、志慮忠純なり。是を以て先帝簡 抜して、以て陛下に遺せり。愚以為く、宮中の事は、事大小と無く、悉く以て之に諮り、然る 後に施行せば、必ず能く闕漏を裨補し、広く益する所あらん。将軍向寵は、性行淑均にして、 軍事に堯暢し、昔日に試用せられ、先帝之を称して、能ありと曰えり。是を以て衆議寵を挙げ て以て督と為せり。愚以為く、営中の事は、事大小と無く、悉く以て之に諮らば、必ず能く行 陣をして和睦せしめ、優劣所を得しめん。 賢臣に親しみ、小人を遠ざくるは、此れ先漢の興隆せし所以なり。小人に親しみ、賢臣を遠 ざくるは、此れ後漢の傾頽せし所以なり。先帝在しし時、毎に臣と此の事を論じ、未だ嘗て 桓?霊に歎息痛恨せずんばあらざりき。侍中 尚書 長史 参軍は、此れ悉く貞亮にして、節 に死するの臣なり。願わくは陛下、之に親しみ、之を信ぜば、則ち漢室の隆んならんこと、日 を計えて待つ可し。 臣は本布衣にして、南陽に躬耕し、苟も性命を乱世に全うし、聞達を諸侯に求めざりき。先 帝臣の卑鄙なるを以てせず、猥に自ら枉屈し、三たび臣を草盧の中に顧みて、臣に諮るに当世 の事を以てせり。是に由りて感激し、遂に先帝に許すに駆馳を以てす。後、傾覆に値い、任を 敗軍の際に受け、命を危難の間に奉じ、爾来二十有一年なり。 先帝は臣の謹慎なるを知り、故に崩ずるに臨み、臣に寄するに大事を以てせり。命を受けし より以来、夙夜に憂歎し、付託の効あらずして、以て先帝の明を傷つけんことを恐る。故に五 月、濾を渡り、深く不毛に入り、今、南方己に定まり、兵甲己に足る。当に三軍を奬率し、北 のかた中原を定むべし。庶くは駑鈍を竭くし、姦凶を攘除し、漢室を興復して旧都に還らん。 此れ臣の先帝に報いて陛下に忠なるの職分なり。 損益を斟酌し、進みて忠言を尽くすに至りては、則ち攸之?偉?允の任なり。願わくは陛下 臣に託するに討賊興復の効を以てせよ。効あらずんば則ち臣の罪を治めて、以て先帝の霊に告 げよ。若し徳を興すの言無くんば、則ち攸之 偉 允らの咎を責めて、以て其の慢を彰かにせ よ。陛下もまた宜しく自ら謀りて、以て善道を諮諏し、雅言を察し、深く先帝の遺詔を追う べし。臣、恩を受けし感激に勝えず、今、遠く離るるに当り、表に臨みて涕泣し、云う所を知 らず。 参考文献： 谢谢你问这个问题，我在网上找了好久资料，从中也学了不少
