如题所述
第1个回答 2023-02-15
作为一个重要的语法项目,频频出现在近几年的四级考题中。由于中学教材已不把它作为重点,大学教材对它也缺乏系统的阐述,不少考生因此而难以在与之有关的试题上得分,更谈不上在语言实践中加以应用。笔者试图对该结构进行较为全面的分析,以期对考生有所帮助。来源:
(一): 独立主格结构的构成:来源:
名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词;
名词(代词)+形容词;
名词(代词)+副词;
名词(代词)+不定式;
名词(代词) +介词短语构成。
(二) 独立主格结构的特点:来源:
1)独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在。
2)名词或代词与后面的分词,形容词,副词,不定 式,介词等是主谓关系。
3)独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
举例:
The test finished, we began our holiday.
= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.
考试结束了,我们开始放假。
The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
= After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
总统被谋杀了,举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.
如果天气允许,我们明天去看你。
This done, we went home.
工作完成后,我们才回家。
The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.
会议结束后,每个人都想早点回家。
He came into the room, his ears red with cold.
他回到了房子里,耳朵冻坏了。
He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.
他夹着本厚书,走出了图书馆
With的复合结构作独立主格
表伴随时,既可用分词的独立结构,也可用with的复合结构。
with +名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语
举例: He stood there, his hand raised.
= He stood there, with his hand raise.
来源:典型例题
The murder was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back。
A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied
答案D. with +名词(代词)+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示伴随状况时,其主语常常用with来引导。由于本句中名词"手"与分词"绑"是被动关系,因此用过去分词,选D.
注意:
1) 独立主格结构使用介词的问题:
当介词是in时,其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分(如物主代词或冠词),也不用复数。但 with 的复合结构不受此限制
A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.
( hand前不能加his)。
2) 当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时,及物动词用现在分 词,不及物动词用过去分词。
He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up.
典型例题:
Weather___, we'll go out for a walk.
A permitted B permitting C permits D for permitting
答案B. 本题中没有连词,它不是复合句,也不是并列句。 句中使用了逗号,且we 小写,可知其不是两个简单句。能够这样使用的只有独立主格或with的复合结构。据此判断,本句中使用的是独立结构, 其结构为:名词+分词。 由于permit在这里翻译为'天气允许',表主动,应用现在分词,故选B。
如果不会判断独立结构作状语的形式,不妨将句子改为条件句,例如本句改为If weather permits, we'll go out for a walk. 然后将if 去掉,再将谓语动词改为非谓语动词即可。
I.独立主格的结构形式
独立主格结构在形式上由两部分组成。第一部分由名词或代词担任,第二部分由分词、动词不定式、形容词、副词、名词或介词短语担任,但在四级考试中以分词担任第二部分的居多,有时也会由不定式担任。
1)名词或主格代词+现在分词
例1,______a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor.
A)Other things being equal B)Were other things equal C)To be equalto other things D)Other things to be equal
(答案A Band 4,1997.6)
例2 So many directors ______,the board meeting had to be put off.
A)were absent B)been absent C)had been absent D)being absent
(答案D Band 4,2001.1)
当独立主格中的分词所表示的动作先于句中谓语动词所表示的动作时,用分词的完成形式。
例3 The speech______,a lively discussion started. A)being delivered B)was delivered C)be deliveredD)having been delivered
(答案D Band 4,1995.1)
当独立主格结构中的名词或主格代词是分词表示的动作的承受者时,用分词的被动形式。
例4 All flights_____because of the snow-storm,many passengers could do nothing but take the train. A)were canceled B)having been canceled C)had been canceled D)have been canceled
(答案BBand 4,1999.1)
2)名词或主格代词+过去分词
例5 All things_____,the planed trip will have to be called off.
A)be consideredB)considered C)consideringD)having considered
(答案BBand 4,1998.6)
3)名词或主格代词+动词不定式
例6 If the building project______by the end of this month is delayed,the construction company will be fined.
A)to be complete B)is completed C)being completedD)complete
(答案A Band 4,2001.6)
形容词、副词、名词和介词短语担当第二部分的情况在四级考试中虽不多见,但在书面语中却是一种有效的表达手段,在此略举几例,供有兴趣的同学参考。
4)名词或主格代词+形容词
例7 Hands red with the cold,they were sweeping the snow outdoors.(他们在户外扫雪,两手冻得通红。)
5)名词或主格代词+介词短语
例8 A book in hand,the teacher of English walked into the classroom.(手里拿着本书,英语老师走进教室。)
6)名词或主格代词+副词
例9 Class over,all students went to play on the playground.(下课了,学生们都到操场上去玩耍。)
7)名词或主格代词+名词
例10 His first shot failure,he fired again.(他第一枪没击中,又打了第二枪。
(一): 独立主格结构的构成:来源:
名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词;
名词(代词)+形容词;
名词(代词)+副词;
名词(代词)+不定式;
名词(代词) +介词短语构成。
(二) 独立主格结构的特点:来源:
1)独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在。
2)名词或代词与后面的分词,形容词,副词,不定 式,介词等是主谓关系。
3)独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
举例:
The test finished, we began our holiday.
= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.
考试结束了,我们开始放假。
The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
= After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
总统被谋杀了,举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.
如果天气允许,我们明天去看你。
This done, we went home.
工作完成后,我们才回家。
The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.
会议结束后,每个人都想早点回家。
He came into the room, his ears red with cold.
他回到了房子里,耳朵冻坏了。
He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.
他夹着本厚书,走出了图书馆
With的复合结构作独立主格
表伴随时,既可用分词的独立结构,也可用with的复合结构。
with +名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语
举例: He stood there, his hand raised.
= He stood there, with his hand raise.
来源:典型例题
The murder was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back。
A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied
答案D. with +名词(代词)+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示伴随状况时,其主语常常用with来引导。由于本句中名词"手"与分词"绑"是被动关系,因此用过去分词,选D.
注意:
1) 独立主格结构使用介词的问题:
当介词是in时,其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分(如物主代词或冠词),也不用复数。但 with 的复合结构不受此限制
A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.
( hand前不能加his)。
2) 当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时,及物动词用现在分 词,不及物动词用过去分词。
He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up.
典型例题:
Weather___, we'll go out for a walk.
A permitted B permitting C permits D for permitting
答案B. 本题中没有连词,它不是复合句,也不是并列句。 句中使用了逗号,且we 小写,可知其不是两个简单句。能够这样使用的只有独立主格或with的复合结构。据此判断,本句中使用的是独立结构, 其结构为:名词+分词。 由于permit在这里翻译为'天气允许',表主动,应用现在分词,故选B。
如果不会判断独立结构作状语的形式,不妨将句子改为条件句,例如本句改为If weather permits, we'll go out for a walk. 然后将if 去掉,再将谓语动词改为非谓语动词即可。
I.独立主格的结构形式
独立主格结构在形式上由两部分组成。第一部分由名词或代词担任,第二部分由分词、动词不定式、形容词、副词、名词或介词短语担任,但在四级考试中以分词担任第二部分的居多,有时也会由不定式担任。
1)名词或主格代词+现在分词
例1,______a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor.
A)Other things being equal B)Were other things equal C)To be equalto other things D)Other things to be equal
(答案A Band 4,1997.6)
例2 So many directors ______,the board meeting had to be put off.
A)were absent B)been absent C)had been absent D)being absent
(答案D Band 4,2001.1)
当独立主格中的分词所表示的动作先于句中谓语动词所表示的动作时,用分词的完成形式。
例3 The speech______,a lively discussion started. A)being delivered B)was delivered C)be deliveredD)having been delivered
(答案D Band 4,1995.1)
当独立主格结构中的名词或主格代词是分词表示的动作的承受者时,用分词的被动形式。
例4 All flights_____because of the snow-storm,many passengers could do nothing but take the train. A)were canceled B)having been canceled C)had been canceled D)have been canceled
(答案BBand 4,1999.1)
2)名词或主格代词+过去分词
例5 All things_____,the planed trip will have to be called off.
A)be consideredB)considered C)consideringD)having considered
(答案BBand 4,1998.6)
3)名词或主格代词+动词不定式
例6 If the building project______by the end of this month is delayed,the construction company will be fined.
A)to be complete B)is completed C)being completedD)complete
(答案A Band 4,2001.6)
形容词、副词、名词和介词短语担当第二部分的情况在四级考试中虽不多见,但在书面语中却是一种有效的表达手段,在此略举几例,供有兴趣的同学参考。
4)名词或主格代词+形容词
例7 Hands red with the cold,they were sweeping the snow outdoors.(他们在户外扫雪,两手冻得通红。)
5)名词或主格代词+介词短语
例8 A book in hand,the teacher of English walked into the classroom.(手里拿着本书,英语老师走进教室。)
6)名词或主格代词+副词
例9 Class over,all students went to play on the playground.(下课了,学生们都到操场上去玩耍。)
7)名词或主格代词+名词
例10 His first shot failure,he fired again.(他第一枪没击中,又打了第二枪。