有人知道关于数字0的历史嘛?

我需要写篇演讲稿,要英文的,不过你发中文的也行,我自己翻译

网上复制的也行,越多越好,重复的就算了

最好从0的起源到具体用途都讲讲

第1个回答  2009-04-21
个人见解:就0的概念最早提出来的是玛雅人,而真正的阿拉伯数字0是印度人发明的。
材料1. 据历史记载,玛雅人有一个被称为“人类头脑最光辉的产物”的数学体系,玛雅人(或他们的欧梅克祖先)独立发展了零的概念,它的发明与使用比亚非古文明中最早使用“零”的印度还要早一些,比欧洲人大约早了800年。 并且使用二十进制的数字系统;数字以点(・)代表1,横棒(-)代表5。碑文显示他们有时会用到到亿。
论点:这里提的零并不是我们所用的阿拉伯数字0,但这应该是最早含有0的概念的数字了。
材料2. “0”的发明和传播
大约在公元前三世纪,古印度人终于完成了数字符号1到9的发明创造,但此时还没有“0”。“0”的出现,是在1到9数字符号发明一千多年后的印度笈多王朝。刚出现时,它还不是用圆圈,而是用点来表示。至于何时由点转为圆,具体时间已无从考证,但在公元876年,人们在印度的瓜廖尔地方发现了一块刻有“270”这个数字的石碑。这也是人们发现的有关“0”的最早的记载。
后来,这套数字符号传到阿拉伯,然后由阿拉伯人将这套数字介绍到欧洲。欧洲人误认为是阿拉伯人发明的,所以称它们为阿拉伯数字。
之前欧洲人使用的是罗马数字。当“0”传到欧洲时,罗马教皇认为“0”是“异端邪说”,下令禁止使用。有一位罗马学者从一本天文书中见到了阿拉伯数字,对“0”的作用十分推崇,专门在他的日记本上记下了“0”在记数和运算中的优越性。后来,这件事被教皇知道了,说他玷污了上帝创造的神圣的数,将他逮捕入狱,还对他施行了拶刑。但迫害无法阻挡先进知识的传播,“0”不仅在欧洲传播开来,还迅速地传遍了全世界。
它们传入中国的时间,大约在十三世纪。但据英国著名科学史专家李•约瑟博士的考证,“0”产生于中印文化,是中国首先使用的位值制促进了零的出现。印度是在中国筹算和位值制的影响下才创造“0”的。中国远在三千多年前的殷商时期,就采用了位值制,甲骨文中有“六百又五十又九(659)”等数字,明确地使用了十进位。在《诗经》中,零的含义被解释成为“暴风雨末了的小雨滴”,计数中把零作为“没有”看待。中国魏晋时期的数学家刘徽在注《九章算术》时,已明确地将“0”作为数字了,使用过程中,开始用“口”表示,后来把方块画成圆圈。到了十三世纪,南宋数学家正式开始使用“0”这个符号。由此可见,中国是“0”的发源地。
论点:由此可知,最早提出的我们所用的阿拉伯数字0是印度。
第2个回答  2009-04-30
the concept of zero as a numerical term started in India and was used in the Arabic numeric system. it was very slow to spread into European countries because in trade the use of mathematic calculations was widely untrusted by those who did not understand it.
Most people may not necessary appreciate the importance of the number zero, besides the fact that you would love to have a lot of them behind some other numbers in your bank account. In fact, you would think that the number zero is just like any other number. Nothing special about it! Well, after you read through this very brief history of the number zero, hopefully you would see it in a new light.

Believe it or not! The number zero that we are accustomed to, came into existence rather late, around 200 A.D. (centuries after the great Classical Greek Period, which can arguably be called the origin of the modern mathematics). The number zero as we know it was conceived by the Hindus from India. The Hindus were the first to recognize a mathematical representation of concept of no quantity. It had not occurred to earlier civilizations, even to the Greeks, that it would be useful to have a number which represents the absence of any objects. Connected with this late appearance of the number is the second significant fact, namely, that zero must be distinguished from nothingness (null). Undoubtedly it was the inability of earlier peoples to perceive this distinction which accounts for their failure to introduce the zero. This was very understandable because the difference is very subtle. You can see the distinction of zero and nothing by considering the following examples: A person's grade in a course he never took is no grade or nothing. But he may, however, have a grade of zero. Or if a person has no account in a bank, his balance is nothing. On the other hand, if he has a bank account, he may very well have a balance of zero.

That was interesting, but you may think, " what else can someone possibly say about the number zero, it is just a number..." Well, zero is not just a number it is a very important number. With the availability of zero, mathematicians were finally able to develop our present method of writing whole numbers. First of all we count in units and represent large quantities in tens, tens of tens, tens of tens of tens, etc. Thus we represent one hundred twenty-three by 123. The left-hand 1 means, of course one tens of tens; the 2 means two times ten; and the 3 means three units. The concept of zero makes such a system of writing quantities practical since it enables us to distinguish 11 and 101. Because ten plays such a fundamental role, our number system is called the decimal system, and ten is called the base. The use of ten resulted most likely from the fact that man counted on his fingers and, when he had used the fingers on his two hands, considered the number arrived at as a larger unit. Because the position of an integer determines the quantity it represents, the principle involved is called positional notation. The decimal system of positional notation is due to the Hindus; however, the same scheme was used two millenniums earlier by the Babylonians, but with base 60 and in more limited form since they did not have zero.

So the fact that the number zero had been elusive for thousands of years is fascinating. Even more interesting is that zero had become the basis for our current number system. Most people may not see or even care about the importance of this special number. Aren't glad you stop by?

The above excerpt comes from a book called "Mathematics for the
第3个回答  2009-04-20
没人知道,都是传说
第4个回答  2009-05-03
0是极为重要的数字,0的发现被称为人类伟大的发现之一。0在我国古代叫做金元数字,意即极为珍贵的数字。0这个数据说是由印度人在约公元5世纪时发明,在1202年时,一个商人写了一本算盘之书,在东方中由于数学是以运算为主(西方当时以几何和逻辑为主),由于运算上的需要,自然地引入了0这个数。在中国很早便有0这个数字很多文献都有记载。
在1208年时将印度的阿拉伯数字引入本书,并在开头写了“印度人的9个数字,加上阿拉伯人发明的0符号便可以写出所有数字……”由于一些原因,在初时引入0这个符号到西方时,曾经引起西方人的困惑, 因当时西方认为所有数都是可数,而且0这个数字会使很多算式,逻辑不能成立(如除0),甚至认为是魔鬼数字,而被禁用。直至约公元15,16世纪0和负数才逐渐给西方人所认同,才使西方数学有快速发展。
0的另一个历史:0的发现始于印度。公元前2500年左右,印度最古老的文献《吠陀》已有“0”这个符号的应用,当时的0在印度表示空的位置。约在6世纪初,印度开始使用命位记数法。7世纪初印度大数学家葛拉夫.玛格蒲达首先说明了0的性质,任何数乘0是0,任何数加上0或减去0得任何数。遗憾的是,他并没有提到以命位记数法来进行计算的实例。也有的学者认为,0的概念之所以在印度产生并得以发展,是因为印度佛教中存在着“绝对无”这一哲学思想。公元733年,印度一位天文学家在访问现伊拉克首都巴格达期间,将印度的这种记数法介绍给了阿拉伯人,因为这种方法简便易行,不久就取代了在此之前的阿拉伯数字。这套记数法后来又传入西欧。

。“0”这个数字是到了笈多王朝(公元320—550年)时期才出现的。公元四世纪完成的数学著作《太阳手册》中,已使用“0”的符号,当时只是实心小圆点“·”。后来,小圆点演化成为小圆圈“0”。这样,一套从“1”到“0”的数字就趋于完善了。这是古代印度人民对世界文化的巨大贡献。
印度数字首先传到斯里兰卡、缅甸、柬埔寨等印度的近邻国家。
公元七到八世纪,地跨亚非欧三洲的阿拉伯帝国崛起。阿拉伯帝国在向四周扩张的同时,阿拉伯人也广泛汲取古代希腊、罗马、印度等国的先进文化,大量翻译这些国家的科学著作。公元771年,印度的一位旅行家毛卡经过长途跋涉,来到了阿拉伯帝国阿拔斯王朝首都巴格达。毛卡把随身携带的一部印度天文学著作《西德罕塔》,献给了当时的哈里发(国王)曼苏尔。曼苏尔十分珍爱这部书,下令翻译家将它译为阿拉伯文。译本取名《信德欣德》。这部著作中应用了大量的印度数字。由此,印度数字便被阿拉伯人吸收和采纳。
此后,阿拉伯人逐渐放弃了他们原来作为计算符号的28个字母,而广泛采用印度数字,并且在实践中还对印度数字加以修改完善,使之更便于书写。
阿拉伯人掌握了印度数字后,很快又把它介绍给欧洲人。中世纪的欧洲人,在计数时使用的是冗长的罗马数字,十分不方便。因此,简单而明了的印度数字一传到欧洲,就受到欧洲人的欢迎。可是,开始时印度数字取代罗马数字,却遭到了基督教教会的强烈反对,因为这是来自“异教徒”的知识。但实践证明印度数字远远优于罗马数字。
1202年,意大利出版了一本重要的数学书籍《计算之书》,书中广泛使用了由阿拉伯人改进的印度数字,它标志着新数字在欧洲使用的开始。这本书共分十五章。在第一章开头就写道:“印度的九个数目字是‘9、8、7、6、5、4、3、2、1’,用这九个数字以及阿拉伯人叫做‘零’的记号‘0’,任何数都可以表示出来。”
随着岁月的推移,到十四世纪,中国印刷术传到欧洲,更加速了印度数字在欧洲的推广与应用。印度数字逐渐为全欧洲人所采用。
西方人接受了经阿拉伯传来的印度数字,但他们当时忽视了古代印度人,而只认为是阿拉伯人的功绩,因而称其为阿拉伯数字,这个错误的称呼一直流传至今。
第5个回答  2009-04-23

参考资料:

相关了解……

你可能感兴趣的内容

本站内容来自于网友发表,不代表本站立场,仅表示其个人看法,不对其真实性、正确性、有效性作任何的担保
相关事宜请发邮件给我们
© 非常风气网