The Haber-Bosch process was of considerable social, economic and scientific imparlance. Scientifically it was an elegant study of the thermodynamics of' gaseous reactions and a demonstration of its commercial significance, socially and economically, it resolved the specter of Malthus and of staning millions; environmentally, with its absence of waste products and polluting Odors, it was a model for a cleaner and more socially responsible industry.
Apart from cleaner and more efficient processes suggested by electrochemical processes in the alkali industry and by ammonia synderesis, twentieth-century industry has also been concerned with the economics of scale and scope, including the transfer from wasteful and inefficient batch manufacture to continuous flow. This has been made possible by the exploitation of the remarkable powers of catalysts and through process control by instrumental monitoring. The key factor has been the development of the petrochemicals industry since the 1920s, when chemical engineers at MIT first devised quantitative tools for analyzing fractional distillations, and when John Griebe was hired by the Dow company to develop automatic control technology. Later in the 1940s, industrial analysis was further refined by the development of infrared spectroscopy -to the enhancement of post-war research in organic chemistry.
But it has been the chemical industry's ability io substitute a cheaper synthetic product for a natural one, followed by the exploitation of such materials in novel applications, that has been the real hallmark of twentieth-century industry in the public mind.
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除了清洁和更有效的进程提出的电化学过程中碱、氨synderesis,20世纪的行业也一直关注的规模经济和范围,包括转移从浪费和低效率的批量生产的连续流动。这已成为可能,剥削的力量的催化剂和通过过程控制的监测仪器。关键因素是石油化工产业的发展自上世纪20年代,当化学工程师在麻省理工学院第一个设计的定量分析工具的蒸馏的分数,当约翰葛力比聘请了由道琼斯公司开发的自动控制技术。后来在20世纪40年代,工业分析是进一步完善发展红外光谱-加强战后研究有机化学。
但它一直是化工行业的能力木卫一替代的一个自然的便宜的合成产品,其次是利用这种材料新的应用,已真正的标志20世纪工业在公众心目中。追问
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