一、中、西方礼貌原则之比较
礼貌原则由于中、西方文化的不同，其标准也各有差异。如Leech根据英美等西方国家人们的言语习惯、会话的文化特点等提出了礼貌原则的六个准则即：1、得体准则：最小限度地使别人受损：最大限度地使别人得益。2、慷慨准则：最小限度地使自己得益；最大限度地使自己受损。3、赞誉准则：最小限度地贬低别人；最大限度地赞誉别人。4、谦逊准则：最大限度地赞誉别人：最大限度地贬低自己。5、一致准则：使对话双方的分歧减至最小限度；使对话双方的一致增至最大限度。6、同情准则：使对话双方的反感减至最小限度；使对话双方的同情增至最大限度。顾日国结合其导师Leech的理论，根据汉语的文化源与流提出了汉语文化中礼貌规范的四大特点：尊重、谦逊、态度热情、文雅。并在此基础上提出了与汉语文化有关的五大礼貌准则：1、贬己尊人准则：指称自己或与自己相关的人或事物时要“贬”，要“谦”；称听者或与听者有关联的事物时要“抬”，要“尊”。2、称呼准则：指人们出于礼貌，在称呼上按“上下”“贵贱”“长幼”有别的传统来体现人际交往中的社会关系。3、文雅准则：出言高雅，文质彬彬往往被认为是慑“礼貌”，“有教养”。4、求同准则：就是注意与人的身份和社会地位保持相称，说话双方要力求和谐一致。5、德、言、行准则：指在行为动机上尽量减少他人付出的代价。尽量增大他人的益处，在言辞上尽量夸大别人给自己的好处。尽量缩小自己付出的代价。如果我们把顾曰国“礼貌原则”的五条准则与Leech关于礼貌的论述加以比较，就会发现中、西方的礼貌原则在语用含义和文化价值上是有差异的。其中的“贬己尊人的准则”是最富有中国文化特色的礼貌现象。如在指代自己时。中国人常用“鄙人”、“晚生”、“在下”等；而指代他人时。则常用“您”、“贤弟”、“贵公子”等。称呼涉及礼貌是汉语文化的特点。称呼方式与礼貌有关。代表着人与人之间的一种社会关系。也折射出说话者与听话者的思想感情。如亲呢、喜爱、威胁、警告、讽刺、戏谑等。汉语的称呼一般需要说明彼此之间的关系：亲属、同事、师生：上下级之间要体现出职务、头衔。如“二叔”、“李局长”等。在不同场合用不同的称呼，遇到不同身份的人用不同的称呼。甚至为了达到某种目的和效果。也用不同的称呼，这充分体现出汉语称呼的礼貌性。再称呼语上，中、西文化存在着巨大的差异。在中国文化中，学生对老师。晚辈对长辈。下级对上级是不能直呼其名的。因为中国文化传统是“重名分，讲人伦”，所以在称呼上也要遵循“仁”与“礼”的法则。要遵循“贵贱有等，长幼有序。男女有别”，否则会被视为“没礼貌”。而西方社会的价值观是“人为本”，“名为用”，他们崇尚个人主义，提倡自我表现，个性解放，所以在称呼上也往往以“先生”、“女士”代替，一般都可以直呼其名。即使儿子称呼老子。下级称呼上级，学生称呼教授也是如此。这就要求我们在英语写作中学习礼貌原则的同时也应对中西方文化进行比较，并以此来提高跨文化的交际意识。
一、中、西方礼貌原则之比较
——A compare of the manners principles between Chinese &Western culture
礼貌原则由于中、西方文化的不同，其标准也各有差异。如Leech根据英美等西方国家人们的言语习惯、会话的文化特点等提出了礼貌原则的六个准则即：
Due to the difference between Chinese &Western culture, the standards for their manners principles are different from each other, for instance, Leech brings forward six rules of manners principles according to the culture feature of the people’s codes of language and their conversation in Hesperian countries such as Briton, America and otherwise, i.e.:
1、得体准则：最小限度地使别人受损：最大限度地使别人得益。
decency principle, that is to make others harmed least and himself harmed farthest;
2、慷慨准则：最小限度地使自己得益；最大限度地使自己受损。
bounty principle, that is let himself benefited least but harmed farthest;
3、赞誉准则：最小限度地贬低别人；最大限度地赞誉别人。
recognition principle, that is to preach others down least but up farthest;
4、谦逊准则：最大限度地赞誉别人：最大限度地贬低自己。
modesty principle, that is to preach others up farthest while preach himself down;
5、一致准则：使对话双方的分歧减至最小限度；使对话双方的一致增至最大限度。
identification principle, that is to let the differences in opinion of both sides down to the minimum and up to the maximum;
6、同情准则：使对话双方的反感减至最小限度；使对话双方的同情增至最大限度。
sympathy principle, that is let the antipathy from both sides during the interlocution down to the minimum and the sympathy up to the maximum.
顾日国结合其导师Leech的理论，根据汉语的文化源与流提出了汉语文化中礼貌规范的四大特点：尊重、谦逊、态度热情、文雅。并在此基础上提出了与汉语文化有关的五大礼貌准则：
Combining Leech's theory, Mr. Gu Riguo advances four features of the manners norms in Chinese language culture based on Chinese civilization source: honour, modesty, passion of attitude and refinement. And on the basis of it, he brings forward five main manners rules:
1、贬己尊人准则：指称自己或与自己相关的人或事物时要“贬”，要“谦”；称听者或与听者有关联的事物时要“抬”，要“尊”。
a rule of regarding others while preaching self down, that is to preach self down and to keep modest when referring to himself or the things related to himself; to preach others up and to regard them when referring to them or the things related to them.
2、称呼准则：指人们出于礼貌，在称呼上按“上下”“贵贱”“长幼”有别的传统来体现人际交往中的社会关系。
a rule of address: that indicates that, due to be polite, people embody the human relations in society in interpersonal interaction when addressing each other according to the different tradition, “high and low”, “gentle and simple” , “old an young” .
3、文雅准则：出言高雅，文质彬彬往往被认为是 “懂礼貌”，“有教养”。
A rule of refinement: it is usually deemed to “urbanity” and “literacy” to be elegant when speaking and behave gentle.
4、求同准则：就是注意与人的身份和社会地位保持相称，说话双方要力求和谐一致。
A rule of identification: that is to regard to match personal status with the social status and the both sides in a dialogue ought to do their best to keep harmonious.
5、德、言、行准则：指在行为动机上尽量减少他人付出的代价。
A rule of moral, speech and conduct: it denotes one should relieve others from paying the fiddler.
看到的较晚，先翻译一半，如果可用，明天接着翻译另一半。追问
——A compare of the manners principles between Chinese &Western culture
礼貌原则由于中、西方文化的不同，其标准也各有差异。如Leech根据英美等西方国家人们的言语习惯、会话的文化特点等提出了礼貌原则的六个准则即：
Due to the difference between Chinese &Western culture, the standards for their manners principles are different from each other, for instance, Leech brings forward six rules of manners principles according to the culture feature of the people’s codes of language and their conversation in Hesperian countries such as Briton, America and otherwise, i.e.:
1、得体准则：最小限度地使别人受损：最大限度地使别人得益。
decency principle, that is to make others harmed least and himself harmed farthest;
2、慷慨准则：最小限度地使自己得益；最大限度地使自己受损。
bounty principle, that is let himself benefited least but harmed farthest;
3、赞誉准则：最小限度地贬低别人；最大限度地赞誉别人。
recognition principle, that is to preach others down least but up farthest;
4、谦逊准则：最大限度地赞誉别人：最大限度地贬低自己。
modesty principle, that is to preach others up farthest while preach himself down;
5、一致准则：使对话双方的分歧减至最小限度；使对话双方的一致增至最大限度。
identification principle, that is to let the differences in opinion of both sides down to the minimum and up to the maximum;
6、同情准则：使对话双方的反感减至最小限度；使对话双方的同情增至最大限度。
sympathy principle, that is let the antipathy from both sides during the interlocution down to the minimum and the sympathy up to the maximum.
顾日国结合其导师Leech的理论，根据汉语的文化源与流提出了汉语文化中礼貌规范的四大特点：尊重、谦逊、态度热情、文雅。并在此基础上提出了与汉语文化有关的五大礼貌准则：
Combining Leech's theory, Mr. Gu Riguo advances four features of the manners norms in Chinese language culture based on Chinese civilization source: honour, modesty, passion of attitude and refinement. And on the basis of it, he brings forward five main manners rules:
1、贬己尊人准则：指称自己或与自己相关的人或事物时要“贬”，要“谦”；称听者或与听者有关联的事物时要“抬”，要“尊”。
a rule of regarding others while preaching self down, that is to preach self down and to keep modest when referring to himself or the things related to himself; to preach others up and to regard them when referring to them or the things related to them.
2、称呼准则：指人们出于礼貌，在称呼上按“上下”“贵贱”“长幼”有别的传统来体现人际交往中的社会关系。
a rule of address: that indicates that, due to be polite, people embody the human relations in society in interpersonal interaction when addressing each other according to the different tradition, “high and low”, “gentle and simple” , “old an young” .
3、文雅准则：出言高雅，文质彬彬往往被认为是 “懂礼貌”，“有教养”。
A rule of refinement: it is usually deemed to “urbanity” and “literacy” to be elegant when speaking and behave gentle.
4、求同准则：就是注意与人的身份和社会地位保持相称，说话双方要力求和谐一致。
A rule of identification: that is to regard to match personal status with the social status and the both sides in a dialogue ought to do their best to keep harmonious.
5、德、言、行准则：指在行为动机上尽量减少他人付出的代价。
A rule of moral, speech and conduct: it denotes one should relieve others from paying the fiddler.
看到的较晚，先翻译一半，如果可用，明天接着翻译另一半。追问
很好 谢谢哈 明天等你翻译
追答你这一追问，恐怕另一半的译文在这里的一点空间就放不下了。最好把另一半再提一个问题，不用赋分，我可以在那里翻译。
追问我另提问了 呵呵 100分奖励 到时候追加哈 难得有你这样认真的 644845314 我QQ 验证 情
追答把链接告诉我，不然不好找。
追问http://zhidao.baidu.com/question/415816759.html?quesup2&oldq=1
追答好的，看到了。
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第1个回答 2012-04-25
很多汉语中一些词语根本没办法翻译的，比如说“得失""舍不得" 这样的词语就算是翻译了也只是擦边球，所以汉语的博大精深，其他所有语言都难以模仿的。我曾经为了“舍不得”这个词语纠结了好久，所以这个翻译出来有点生硬的。追问
没事 帮我翻译下吧 真的很急 然后我自己再改改
追答让我老婆翻译去了，她厉害些。你稍些等等。
追问真的 谢谢您了 其实我也是学英语的 就是在上班 真的很忙 以后有什么事情我也一定帮忙
追答都在上班都忙的。只能抽时间了。
第2个回答 2012-04-25
One, in comparison, Western Politeness Principle
Politeness principle, as in western culture is different, its standard is also different. As Leech according to Britain and other western countries, people's language, conversation culture characteristics proposed politeness principle six criteria:1, appropriateness criteria: minimal make others damaged: maximize the others benefit. 2, generosity maxim: minimal make their own benefit; to maximize their damage. 3, approbation maxim: minimal to belittle others; maximize the praise of others. In 4, the modesty maxim: maximize the praise of others: maximize debase yourself. In 5, the consensus guidelines: dialogue both sides minimizes the differences; dialogue both sides agreed to the maximum. 6, sympathy maxim: dialogue both sides disgusted minimizes; dialogue both sides of sympathy to the maximum. Gu Riguo combined his mentor Leech theory, according to the Chinese cultural source and flow forward Chinese culture politeness norms four characteristics: respect, humility, the attitude of enthusiasm, gentle. And on this basis put forward the Chinese culture and the related five big politeness principles:1, self denigration maxim: refer to their own or with related people or things to" reduce", to" modesty"; said the listener and listener or related things to" lift", to" respect". 2, call guidelines: refers to the people polite, in the call to" on" or""" old" with other traditional to reflect the interpersonal relationships in social relations. 3, elegant guidelines: speak elegance, the ornamental and the combined plain properties are often considered to be an" polite"," civilized". In 4, the same criteria: is the attention and people 's identity and social status to maintain proportionality, speak both to harmony. 5, Germany, say, the criteria: refers to the motivation to minimize others pay the price. Try to increase the benefits of others, in words as far as possible to exaggerate the benefits of others to their own. Try to reduce their costs. If we take Gu Yueguo" Politeness Principle" five criteria and Leech about politeness discusses the comparison, will be found in the west, the politeness principle in pragmatic meaning and cultural values are different. The" self denigration standard" is the most wealthy Chinese cultural characteristics of the politeness phenomenon. As in refers to himself. Chinese commonly used" I", "late", "next"; but refer to others. Is commonly used " you"," brother"," your son". Call to politeness is a Chinese cultural characteristics. As with polite-related. Representative between the person and person's a kind of social relations. It also reflects the thoughts and emotions of the speaker and hearer. If kisses, love, threats, warning, satire, teasing etc.. Chinese name generally need to explain the relationship between each other: relatives, colleagues, teachers and students: between upper and lower positions, to reflect the title. Such as" Uncle"," director Li .". In different occasions with different titles, encounter different people use different address ID. Even in order to achieve a certain purpose and effect. Also with a different name, which fully reflects the Chinese address forms politeness. Then titles, in the west culture, there exists great difference. In Chinese culture, the student to teacher. The younger generation of elders. The inferior to the superior is not speak its name. Because the Chinese cultural tradition is the " birthright, stressing human relations", so the name will follow the " benevolence" and" courtesy". To follow the " poor etc, respect for seniority. " Well, otherwise it will be regarded as rude."". While the western social values is" people-oriented"," name", they advocate individualism, advocating self-expression, the liberation of personality, so the name is also often with "Sir", "Ma'am" to replace, can generally be called by their first names. Even though the son call me. The lower address superior, so students call professor. This requires us in English writing learning politeness principle while also responding to western culture were compared, and in order to improve cross-cultural communicative awareness.追问
Politeness principle, as in western culture is different, its standard is also different. As Leech according to Britain and other western countries, people's language, conversation culture characteristics proposed politeness principle six criteria:1, appropriateness criteria: minimal make others damaged: maximize the others benefit. 2, generosity maxim: minimal make their own benefit; to maximize their damage. 3, approbation maxim: minimal to belittle others; maximize the praise of others. In 4, the modesty maxim: maximize the praise of others: maximize debase yourself. In 5, the consensus guidelines: dialogue both sides minimizes the differences; dialogue both sides agreed to the maximum. 6, sympathy maxim: dialogue both sides disgusted minimizes; dialogue both sides of sympathy to the maximum. Gu Riguo combined his mentor Leech theory, according to the Chinese cultural source and flow forward Chinese culture politeness norms four characteristics: respect, humility, the attitude of enthusiasm, gentle. And on this basis put forward the Chinese culture and the related five big politeness principles:1, self denigration maxim: refer to their own or with related people or things to" reduce", to" modesty"; said the listener and listener or related things to" lift", to" respect". 2, call guidelines: refers to the people polite, in the call to" on" or""" old" with other traditional to reflect the interpersonal relationships in social relations. 3, elegant guidelines: speak elegance, the ornamental and the combined plain properties are often considered to be an" polite"," civilized". In 4, the same criteria: is the attention and people 's identity and social status to maintain proportionality, speak both to harmony. 5, Germany, say, the criteria: refers to the motivation to minimize others pay the price. Try to increase the benefits of others, in words as far as possible to exaggerate the benefits of others to their own. Try to reduce their costs. If we take Gu Yueguo" Politeness Principle" five criteria and Leech about politeness discusses the comparison, will be found in the west, the politeness principle in pragmatic meaning and cultural values are different. The" self denigration standard" is the most wealthy Chinese cultural characteristics of the politeness phenomenon. As in refers to himself. Chinese commonly used" I", "late", "next"; but refer to others. Is commonly used " you"," brother"," your son". Call to politeness is a Chinese cultural characteristics. As with polite-related. Representative between the person and person's a kind of social relations. It also reflects the thoughts and emotions of the speaker and hearer. If kisses, love, threats, warning, satire, teasing etc.. Chinese name generally need to explain the relationship between each other: relatives, colleagues, teachers and students: between upper and lower positions, to reflect the title. Such as" Uncle"," director Li .". In different occasions with different titles, encounter different people use different address ID. Even in order to achieve a certain purpose and effect. Also with a different name, which fully reflects the Chinese address forms politeness. Then titles, in the west culture, there exists great difference. In Chinese culture, the student to teacher. The younger generation of elders. The inferior to the superior is not speak its name. Because the Chinese cultural tradition is the " birthright, stressing human relations", so the name will follow the " benevolence" and" courtesy". To follow the " poor etc, respect for seniority. " Well, otherwise it will be regarded as rude."". While the western social values is" people-oriented"," name", they advocate individualism, advocating self-expression, the liberation of personality, so the name is also often with "Sir", "Ma'am" to replace, can generally be called by their first names. Even though the son call me. The lower address superior, so students call professor. This requires us in English writing learning politeness principle while also responding to western culture were compared, and in order to improve cross-cultural communicative awareness.追问
呵呵 机器翻译的吧
第3个回答 2012-04-25
有意思吗追问
那是我要写论文的 是在太忙 没时间弄 如果可以的话 麻烦帮我翻译下 感激不尽
