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隧道勘测： 为确定隧道位置、施工方法和支护、衬砌类型等技术方案，对隧道地处范围内的地形、地质状况，以及对地下水的分布和水量等水文情况要进行勘测。在隧道勘测和开挖过程中，须了解围岩的类别。围岩是隧道开挖后对隧道稳定性有影响的周边岩体。围岩分类是依次表明周围岩石的综合强度。中国在1975年制定的铁路隧道工程技术规范中将围岩分为 6类。关于岩石分类70年代以前常用泰沙基及普氏等岩石分类方法。70年代以后在国际上应用较广并为国际岩石力学学会推荐的为巴顿等各种分级系统。此外，还有日本以弹性波速为主的分类法。围岩的类别的确定，为隧道工程设计合理和施工顺利提供了依据。
隧道设计：包括隧道选线、纵断面设计、横断面设计、辅助坑道设计等。
选线 ：根据线路标准、地形、地质等条件选定隧道位置和长度。选线应作多种方案的比较。长隧道要考虑辅助坑道和运营通风的设置。洞口位置的选择要依据地质情况。考虑边坡和仰坡的稳定，避免塌方。
纵断面设计： 沿隧道中线的纵向坡度要服从线路设计的限制坡度。因隧道内湿度大，轮轨间粘着系数减小，列车空气阻力增大，因此在较长隧道内纵向坡度应加以折减。纵坡形状以单坡和人字坡居多，单坡有利于争取高程，人字坡便于施工排水和出碴。为利于排水，最小纵坡一般为2‰～3‰。 横断面设计： 隧道横断面即衬砌内轮廓，是根据不侵入隧道建筑限界而制定的。中国隧道建筑限界分为蒸汽及内燃机车牵引区段、电力机车牵引区段两种，这两种又各分为单线断面和双线断面。衬砌内轮廓一般由单心圆或三心圆形成的拱部和直边墙或曲边墙所组成。在地质松软地带另加仰拱。单线隧道轨面以上内轮廓面积约为27～32平方米，双线约为58～67平方米。在曲线地段由于外轨超高车辆倾斜等因素，断面须适当加大。电气化铁路隧道因悬挂接触网等应提高内轮廓高度。中、美、苏三国所用轮廓尺寸为：单线隧道高度约为 6.6～7.0米、宽度约为4.9～5.6米；双线隧道高度约为7.2～8.0米，宽度约为8.8～10.6米。在双线铁路修建两座单线隧道时,其中线间距离须考虑地层压力分布的影响,石质隧道约为20～25米，土质隧道应适当加宽。
辅助坑道设计：辅助坑道有斜井、竖井、平行导坑及横洞四种。斜井是在中线附近的山上有利地点开凿的斜向正洞的坑道。斜井倾角一般在18°～27°之间，采用卷扬机提升。斜井断面一般为长方形,面积约为8～14平方米。竖井是由山顶中线附近垂直开挖的坑道，通向正洞。其平面位置可在铁路中线上或在中线的一侧（距中线约20米）。竖井断面多为圆形，内径约为4.5～6.0米。平行导坑是距隧道中线17～25米开挖的平行小坑道，以斜向通道与隧道连接，亦可作将来扩建为第二线的导洞。中国自1957年修建川黔铁路凉风垭铁路隧道采用平行导坑以来,在58座长3公里以上的隧道中约有80%修建了平行导坑。横洞是在傍山隧道靠河谷一侧地形有利之处开辟的小断面坑道。此外，隧道设计还包括洞门设计，以及开挖方法和衬砌类型的选择等。
隧道贯通控制测量：隧道测量是为了保证测量的中线和高程在隧道贯通面处的偏差不超出规定的限值。
中线平面控制：长隧道以往多用三角网，短隧道多用导线法，借以控制中线的偏差。自50年代以来，中国在 1公里以上长度的隧道测量中采用导线法也能控制隧道的贯通误差。光电测距仪的出现和发展，解决了量距的困难。山岭隧道洞外及洞内都采用主副闭合导线法，即在主导线上测角并用光电测距仪量距，在副导线上只测角不量距。由主副导线所组成的多边形，只平差其角度，不平差其长度。这样主副导线法比三角网法简单实用，比单一导线法可靠。中国大瑶山双线隧道即采用主副闭合导线法作为中线平面控制在隧道进行中线测量以前，就要考虑将来隧道打通后的偏差数值。根据隧道的长度和平面形状，在地形图上先行布置测点的位置和预计的贯通点，并在平面图上量出必要的尺寸，再根据规范规定的极限误差试算出测角和量距的必要精度，然后进行测量。这个过程叫做测量设计或叫做隧道贯通误差的预计4公里以下的隧道中线贯通极限误差为±100毫米;4～8公里的隧道中线贯通极限误差为±150毫米。
高程控制： 短隧道应用普通水平仪，长隧道应用精密水平仪即能保证需要达到的精度。高程贯通极限误差为±50毫米。 隧道开挖 开挖方法分为明挖法和暗挖法。明挖法多用于浅埋隧道或城市铁路隧道，而山岭铁路隧道多用暗挖法。按开挖断面大小、位置分，有分部开挖法和全断面开挖法。在石质岩层中采用钻爆法最为广泛，采用掘进机直接开挖也逐渐推广。在松软地质中采用盾构法开挖较多。
Tunnel survey: to determine location, construction methods and tunnel lining type support, and technical solution to the tunnel, which is located in the range of terrain, geological condition, and the distribution of the underground water and hydrological conditions such as water to survey. In the tunnel survey and excavation process, must understand the categories of the surrounding rock. Surrounding rock tunnel excavation is to have influence on the stability of the tunnel surrounding rock mass. Classification of surrounding rocks is that in turn around the comprehensive strength of rock. In 1975, China railway tunnel project for technical specification of surrounding rock is divided into 6 will. About rock classification before the 70 s commonly used the field commander and the classification method such as pullman's rock. Since the 70 s are widely used in the world and for international rock mechanics society recommendation of various classification system for patton. In addition, and Japan with elastic wave velocity as the classification. The category of the surrounding rock of tunnel engineering, the determination of reasonable design and construction smoothly to provide the basis.
Tunnel design: including tunnel line longitudinal, design, the cross-sectional design, auxiliary tunnel design, etc.
Route: according to the standard, line topography and geology condition such as position and the length of the selected tunnel. Route shall be the comparison of the DuoZhong scheme. Long tunnel to consider auxiliary tunnel and operation ventilation Settings. The mouth of the cave location choice must be based on the geological conditions. Consider the slope and the scope of slope stability, prevent landslide.
Longitudinal design: along the tunnel to the centerline of the vertical slope line design limit slope. Because humidity is big, the wheel/rail tunnel between adhesion coefficient decreases, and train the air resistance increases, so in a long tunnel vertical slope should be reduction. ZongPo shape to ChanPo and person word majority, to fight for slope ChanPo elevation, person word for construction drainage and slope of ballastless out. In order to facilitate drainage, ZongPo minimum general for 2 ‰ ~ 3 ‰. Cross-sectional design: tunnel lining in outline, namely cross into the tunnel construction is on the gauge and work. China tunnel structure gauge is divided into steam and diesel locomotives traction sections, electric locomotives traction sections two kinds, the two and every single divided into sections and double section. In general, the outline lining single round or three heart heart of the formation of the round arch department and straight or curved sidewall of the side-wall composed. In the geological soft zone plus Yang arch. Singleline tunnel rail surface outline area within the above about 27 ~ 32 square meters, dual for 58 to 67 square metre about. Because the area in the curve track vehicles factors such as high tilt, shall be appropriately enlarging section. Electrified railway tunnel for suspension overhead contact system should be improved and in high profile. And the United States, Susan countries size is used outline: singleline tunnel height about 6.6 ~ 7.0 m, width is about 4.9 ~ 5.6 meters; Two-lane tunnel height about 7.2 ~ 8.0 meters, width is about 8.8 ~ 10.6 m. The two-lane railway building two seat singleline tunnel, including the distance between the line must be considered formation pressure on the distribution of the rock tunnel, about 20 to 25 m, soil tunnel should appropriate widened.
Auxiliary tunnel design: auxiliary tunnel have, well, DaoKeng parallel shafts and horizontal hole four. Tilt in the mountains of Central Line is near the site of the favorable oblique are dug the hole in the tunnel. Tilt Angle in the 18 ° ~ 27 general °, the hoisting between ascension. Inclined section is rectangle commonly, an area of about eight to 14 square meters. By the top of the hill near the midline of the shaft is perpendicular to the tunnels of the excavation, is hole. Its plane position on the central railway line or the side of about 20 meters) from the center line. Shaft section for more rounded, inner diameter is about 4.5 ~ 6.0 m. Parallel DaoKeng is apart from 17 to 25 m midline tunnel excavation of the parallel tunnel, with little inclined to channel tunnel, can also be connected with future expansion for the second line of drift. China since 1957-built railway cool wind railway tunnel adopts parallel DaoKeng stelae since a long 3, in all 58 km above the tunnel around 80% of the parallel DaoKeng built. The hole is the waterfront in mountain tunnel river valley side on the benefits of open terrain small cross-section tunnel. In addition, the tunnel also includes DongMen design, design and excavation method and lining type of selection.
Tunnel breakthrough control measurement: the tunnel is to ensure that the measurement and elevation measurement line in tunnel breakthrough face the deviation of the place not beyond the prescribed limits.
Central Line plane control: long tunnel before the triangulation short tunnel, multi-purpose multi-purpose the wire act to control the midline deviation. Since the s, China has in the 1 km above the length measurement of the wire act for the tunnel can also control the tunnel breakthrough error. Photoelectric ranger's appearance and development, to solve the difficulties of distance. Mountain tunnel hole hole and all the main and auxiliary closed to the wire act, that in leading online measuring Angle and photoelectric rangefinder quantity in the distance, vice wires Angle measuring only not measure distance. By the vice wire of polygons, only the Angle adjustment of the length of the poor, uneven. So the Lord vice wire method is better than the triangle nets method is simple, practical, and the wire act than single reliable. China is the principal tunnel data to double the wire act as deputy closed midline plane control tunnel in the midline measurement, be about to consider the future before tunnel through the deviation of the numerical. After According to the length of the tunnel face shape in peace, topographic map decorate the measuring point position and advance the breakthrough point, and is expected to in the quantity on the floor plan of the necessary size, again according to the provisions of the code limit error try calculate measuring Angle and quantity of precision, and then from the necessary measure. This process is called measure design or called tunnel breakthrough error of 4 km of the tunnel is expected to line breakthrough limit error for + 100 mm; 4 to 8 kilometers of tunnels through Central Line limit error for + 150 mm.
Elevation control: short tunnel application ordinary level, long tunnel precision level that can ensure application needs to achieve the precision. Elevation breakthrough limit error for + 50 mm. Tunnel excavation excavation method into the Ming WaFa and type of method. Ming WaFa more for shallow buried tunnel or city railway tunnel, and mountains railway tunnel multi-purpose type of method. According to section size and location excavation points, excavation method and the whole section division excavation method. In stone in the rock drill blasting method, the most widely used roadheader direct excavation also gradually promotion. In the loose in the geological shield excavation method is more.
隧道设计：包括隧道选线、纵断面设计、横断面设计、辅助坑道设计等。
选线 ：根据线路标准、地形、地质等条件选定隧道位置和长度。选线应作多种方案的比较。长隧道要考虑辅助坑道和运营通风的设置。洞口位置的选择要依据地质情况。考虑边坡和仰坡的稳定，避免塌方。
纵断面设计： 沿隧道中线的纵向坡度要服从线路设计的限制坡度。因隧道内湿度大，轮轨间粘着系数减小，列车空气阻力增大，因此在较长隧道内纵向坡度应加以折减。纵坡形状以单坡和人字坡居多，单坡有利于争取高程，人字坡便于施工排水和出碴。为利于排水，最小纵坡一般为2‰～3‰。 横断面设计： 隧道横断面即衬砌内轮廓，是根据不侵入隧道建筑限界而制定的。中国隧道建筑限界分为蒸汽及内燃机车牵引区段、电力机车牵引区段两种，这两种又各分为单线断面和双线断面。衬砌内轮廓一般由单心圆或三心圆形成的拱部和直边墙或曲边墙所组成。在地质松软地带另加仰拱。单线隧道轨面以上内轮廓面积约为27～32平方米，双线约为58～67平方米。在曲线地段由于外轨超高车辆倾斜等因素，断面须适当加大。电气化铁路隧道因悬挂接触网等应提高内轮廓高度。中、美、苏三国所用轮廓尺寸为：单线隧道高度约为 6.6～7.0米、宽度约为4.9～5.6米；双线隧道高度约为7.2～8.0米，宽度约为8.8～10.6米。在双线铁路修建两座单线隧道时,其中线间距离须考虑地层压力分布的影响,石质隧道约为20～25米，土质隧道应适当加宽。
辅助坑道设计：辅助坑道有斜井、竖井、平行导坑及横洞四种。斜井是在中线附近的山上有利地点开凿的斜向正洞的坑道。斜井倾角一般在18°～27°之间，采用卷扬机提升。斜井断面一般为长方形,面积约为8～14平方米。竖井是由山顶中线附近垂直开挖的坑道，通向正洞。其平面位置可在铁路中线上或在中线的一侧（距中线约20米）。竖井断面多为圆形，内径约为4.5～6.0米。平行导坑是距隧道中线17～25米开挖的平行小坑道，以斜向通道与隧道连接，亦可作将来扩建为第二线的导洞。中国自1957年修建川黔铁路凉风垭铁路隧道采用平行导坑以来,在58座长3公里以上的隧道中约有80%修建了平行导坑。横洞是在傍山隧道靠河谷一侧地形有利之处开辟的小断面坑道。此外，隧道设计还包括洞门设计，以及开挖方法和衬砌类型的选择等。
隧道贯通控制测量：隧道测量是为了保证测量的中线和高程在隧道贯通面处的偏差不超出规定的限值。
中线平面控制：长隧道以往多用三角网，短隧道多用导线法，借以控制中线的偏差。自50年代以来，中国在 1公里以上长度的隧道测量中采用导线法也能控制隧道的贯通误差。光电测距仪的出现和发展，解决了量距的困难。山岭隧道洞外及洞内都采用主副闭合导线法，即在主导线上测角并用光电测距仪量距，在副导线上只测角不量距。由主副导线所组成的多边形，只平差其角度，不平差其长度。这样主副导线法比三角网法简单实用，比单一导线法可靠。中国大瑶山双线隧道即采用主副闭合导线法作为中线平面控制在隧道进行中线测量以前，就要考虑将来隧道打通后的偏差数值。根据隧道的长度和平面形状，在地形图上先行布置测点的位置和预计的贯通点，并在平面图上量出必要的尺寸，再根据规范规定的极限误差试算出测角和量距的必要精度，然后进行测量。这个过程叫做测量设计或叫做隧道贯通误差的预计4公里以下的隧道中线贯通极限误差为±100毫米;4～8公里的隧道中线贯通极限误差为±150毫米。
高程控制： 短隧道应用普通水平仪，长隧道应用精密水平仪即能保证需要达到的精度。高程贯通极限误差为±50毫米。 隧道开挖 开挖方法分为明挖法和暗挖法。明挖法多用于浅埋隧道或城市铁路隧道，而山岭铁路隧道多用暗挖法。按开挖断面大小、位置分，有分部开挖法和全断面开挖法。在石质岩层中采用钻爆法最为广泛，采用掘进机直接开挖也逐渐推广。在松软地质中采用盾构法开挖较多。
Tunnel survey: to determine location, construction methods and tunnel lining type support, and technical solution to the tunnel, which is located in the range of terrain, geological condition, and the distribution of the underground water and hydrological conditions such as water to survey. In the tunnel survey and excavation process, must understand the categories of the surrounding rock. Surrounding rock tunnel excavation is to have influence on the stability of the tunnel surrounding rock mass. Classification of surrounding rocks is that in turn around the comprehensive strength of rock. In 1975, China railway tunnel project for technical specification of surrounding rock is divided into 6 will. About rock classification before the 70 s commonly used the field commander and the classification method such as pullman's rock. Since the 70 s are widely used in the world and for international rock mechanics society recommendation of various classification system for patton. In addition, and Japan with elastic wave velocity as the classification. The category of the surrounding rock of tunnel engineering, the determination of reasonable design and construction smoothly to provide the basis.
Tunnel design: including tunnel line longitudinal, design, the cross-sectional design, auxiliary tunnel design, etc.
Route: according to the standard, line topography and geology condition such as position and the length of the selected tunnel. Route shall be the comparison of the DuoZhong scheme. Long tunnel to consider auxiliary tunnel and operation ventilation Settings. The mouth of the cave location choice must be based on the geological conditions. Consider the slope and the scope of slope stability, prevent landslide.
Longitudinal design: along the tunnel to the centerline of the vertical slope line design limit slope. Because humidity is big, the wheel/rail tunnel between adhesion coefficient decreases, and train the air resistance increases, so in a long tunnel vertical slope should be reduction. ZongPo shape to ChanPo and person word majority, to fight for slope ChanPo elevation, person word for construction drainage and slope of ballastless out. In order to facilitate drainage, ZongPo minimum general for 2 ‰ ~ 3 ‰. Cross-sectional design: tunnel lining in outline, namely cross into the tunnel construction is on the gauge and work. China tunnel structure gauge is divided into steam and diesel locomotives traction sections, electric locomotives traction sections two kinds, the two and every single divided into sections and double section. In general, the outline lining single round or three heart heart of the formation of the round arch department and straight or curved sidewall of the side-wall composed. In the geological soft zone plus Yang arch. Singleline tunnel rail surface outline area within the above about 27 ~ 32 square meters, dual for 58 to 67 square metre about. Because the area in the curve track vehicles factors such as high tilt, shall be appropriately enlarging section. Electrified railway tunnel for suspension overhead contact system should be improved and in high profile. And the United States, Susan countries size is used outline: singleline tunnel height about 6.6 ~ 7.0 m, width is about 4.9 ~ 5.6 meters; Two-lane tunnel height about 7.2 ~ 8.0 meters, width is about 8.8 ~ 10.6 m. The two-lane railway building two seat singleline tunnel, including the distance between the line must be considered formation pressure on the distribution of the rock tunnel, about 20 to 25 m, soil tunnel should appropriate widened.
Auxiliary tunnel design: auxiliary tunnel have, well, DaoKeng parallel shafts and horizontal hole four. Tilt in the mountains of Central Line is near the site of the favorable oblique are dug the hole in the tunnel. Tilt Angle in the 18 ° ~ 27 general °, the hoisting between ascension. Inclined section is rectangle commonly, an area of about eight to 14 square meters. By the top of the hill near the midline of the shaft is perpendicular to the tunnels of the excavation, is hole. Its plane position on the central railway line or the side of about 20 meters) from the center line. Shaft section for more rounded, inner diameter is about 4.5 ~ 6.0 m. Parallel DaoKeng is apart from 17 to 25 m midline tunnel excavation of the parallel tunnel, with little inclined to channel tunnel, can also be connected with future expansion for the second line of drift. China since 1957-built railway cool wind railway tunnel adopts parallel DaoKeng stelae since a long 3, in all 58 km above the tunnel around 80% of the parallel DaoKeng built. The hole is the waterfront in mountain tunnel river valley side on the benefits of open terrain small cross-section tunnel. In addition, the tunnel also includes DongMen design, design and excavation method and lining type of selection.
Tunnel breakthrough control measurement: the tunnel is to ensure that the measurement and elevation measurement line in tunnel breakthrough face the deviation of the place not beyond the prescribed limits.
Central Line plane control: long tunnel before the triangulation short tunnel, multi-purpose multi-purpose the wire act to control the midline deviation. Since the s, China has in the 1 km above the length measurement of the wire act for the tunnel can also control the tunnel breakthrough error. Photoelectric ranger's appearance and development, to solve the difficulties of distance. Mountain tunnel hole hole and all the main and auxiliary closed to the wire act, that in leading online measuring Angle and photoelectric rangefinder quantity in the distance, vice wires Angle measuring only not measure distance. By the vice wire of polygons, only the Angle adjustment of the length of the poor, uneven. So the Lord vice wire method is better than the triangle nets method is simple, practical, and the wire act than single reliable. China is the principal tunnel data to double the wire act as deputy closed midline plane control tunnel in the midline measurement, be about to consider the future before tunnel through the deviation of the numerical. After According to the length of the tunnel face shape in peace, topographic map decorate the measuring point position and advance the breakthrough point, and is expected to in the quantity on the floor plan of the necessary size, again according to the provisions of the code limit error try calculate measuring Angle and quantity of precision, and then from the necessary measure. This process is called measure design or called tunnel breakthrough error of 4 km of the tunnel is expected to line breakthrough limit error for + 100 mm; 4 to 8 kilometers of tunnels through Central Line limit error for + 150 mm.
Elevation control: short tunnel application ordinary level, long tunnel precision level that can ensure application needs to achieve the precision. Elevation breakthrough limit error for + 50 mm. Tunnel excavation excavation method into the Ming WaFa and type of method. Ming WaFa more for shallow buried tunnel or city railway tunnel, and mountains railway tunnel multi-purpose type of method. According to section size and location excavation points, excavation method and the whole section division excavation method. In stone in the rock drill blasting method, the most widely used roadheader direct excavation also gradually promotion. In the loose in the geological shield excavation method is more.
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第1个回答 2011-06-21
呵呵，都快交论文了，你才整翻译啊，不知道隧道开挖的可以不，我毕业论文中的翻译。
