“动词不定式分类总结”谢谢

Ⅰ动词不定式：

动词不定式的时态和语态

1)构成：(以动词“do”为例)

主动态：一般式"to do"；完成式"to have done"；进行式"to be doing"；完成进行式“to have been doing”

被动态：一般式"to be done"；完成式“ to have been done"

否定式：not+不定式

2)不定式的时态：

①不定式的一般式表示的动作与主句谓语动词表示的动作同时发生或之后发生。

He seems to know her address．(：=It seems that he knows her address．)

I hope to see you again．(=I hope that I’11 see you again．)

②不定式的进行体表示的动作正在进行，与主句谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。其用法主要有以下几种情况：

a 常用在"appear，happen，pretend，seem，hope，promise"之后。

She pretended to be listening attentively．

Tom appeared to be living in this area．

I hope to be earning my living in a year’s time．(I hope 1 will／would be earning my living)

I promised to be waiting at the door when he came out．b 常用在"believe，consider，suppose，think，know，report，say，understand"等动词的被动式之后。

[注]“be supposed to”通常含有“应该”意思，表示一定的责任和义务。

You are supposed to know how to use a computer=You should know how to use a computer．

Students are not supposed to cook in their dormitory=Students shouldn’t cook in their dormitory．

zh@$OFm dYbA

3)不定式的完成体：

①用于表达发生在主句谓语动词之前的动作或状态，也可以表达预计在将来某一时刻之前完成的动作或状态。

I am sorry to have given you so much trouble．(=I am sorry that I have given you so much trouble．)

C p&n EI)I.OWe’re leaving at five o’clock in the morning，and hope to have done most of the journey by lunchtime．

②不定式完成进行体主要用于“appear，seem，happen，pretend"等之后，也可用于"believe，know，report，say，understand"等动词的被动式之后。

He appears to have been waiting for a long time．

He is believed to have been waiting for a message．

[注]不定式的完成进行体与不定式的完成体略有不同，试比较：

He seems to have eaten the apples．(苹果已被吃光。)

He seems to have been eating the apples．(苹果尚未完全吃光。)

③不定式的完成体还可以表达本该发生却未发生的事情常带这种不定式的谓语动词有：“pretend，intend， appear，seem，should like，expect"等。

I meant to have telephoned you，but I forgot．

4)不定式的语态：

①在不定式之前能找到不定式所表达的动作的执行者时，此不定式用主动态；反之则用被动态试比较：

We found the article hard to understand．(“understand”的执行者是“we”.)

He is reading the article to be published tomorrow．(“punish"之前没有执行者。)

类似的还有：It is impossible to get there．

③在"there be"结构中，不定式既可以用主动态，又可以用被动态。

There is no time to lose／to be lost．(时间紧迫不能耽误了。前后意义无差别。)

④习惯上用“to let(出租)”，“to blame(责怪)”的主动形式表示被动意义。

Tom asked her if she had any rooms to let．(汤姆问她是否有房要出租。)

Ⅱ．分词

分词既具有动词的一些特征(可以有自己的逻辑宾语)，又具有形容词(可以作定语、表语、宾补、主补)和副词(状语)的特征。

(1)分词的时态和语态

1)构成：(以动词“do”为例)

①现在分词的构成(V-ing)：

主动态：一般式(doing)；完成式(having done)

被动态：一般式“being done；完成式(having been done)

否定式：一般式(not doing／not being done)；完成式(not having done／not having been done)

[注]“V-ing”分词的被动态结构表示它的逻辑主语是"V-ing"分词所表示的动作的承受者。

Having been invited to speak．I’ll start making preparations this evening．

②过去分词的构成(V-ed)：中国雅思网D1Hx0`gH(G QiO

只有一种形式(done)，表示被动意义已完成了的动作或状态。1

Considered from this point of view, the question will be of great importance．

2)时态(只有现在分词才有时态形式的变化)：

①现在分词的一般式表示动作与主句谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。

He came to visit me，bringing his girl friend with him．

Hearing the good news，she burst into laughing．

②现在分词的完成式表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词表示的动作之前，常用作状语。

Having finished her homework，she went to bed．

Ⅲ．动名词

动名词既具有动词的一些特征(允许有自己的宾语)，又具有名词的一些特征(可以作主语、宾语、表语和同位语等)。

动名词的时态与语态

1)构成：与"V-ing"分词的构成相同

2)时态：

①动名词的完成式表示其动作先于谓语动词的动作。

They regret not having taken your advice．

②动名词的一般式也可表示一个先于谓语动词的动作。

I remember seeing a film．

．

①动名词的被动语态表示它的逻辑主语是动名词所表示的动作的承受者。

He dislikes being interrupted during his study．

②动名词的被动态有自己的逻辑主语。

He was so surprised at being discovered that he didn’t even try to run away．

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