如题所述
1. That引导的定语从句修饰和ing格式分词修饰名词的区别（为什么that occurred正确而occurring就不对呢）
观点一（一次性动作和反复性动作）
that+从句修饰名词表示一次性的动作。v-ing修饰名词表示反复性的动作
现在分词表示动作的反复、正在进行和延续，用在这里明显不合适，况且后面还有时间状语when，只能是过去分词表示一次性发生的动作。
现在分词做定语，有三个作用，其一，相当于进行时态表示的正在进行的动作,这个好理解；其二，相当于一般时态所表示的任何时候都能发生的动作，eg:A man living in town rarely sees cows.要注意：做定语的现在分词和谓语动作必须表示相同的时间，否则只能用定语从句，不能用现在分词。eg:I muse find out the child who broke my door.(not breaking my door)如果是最后这一句所示的规则。那么该句使用that occured修饰divorce是非常合理的。（张道真语法的解释）
例1 白勇语法里此问题的例句及一段解释
In Egypt in the late Palaeolithic period, the climate changed, pastures became deserts, and the inhabitants were forced to withdraw to the land bordering the Nile from their hunting grounds. .
A. inhabitants were forced to withdraw to the land bordering the Nile from their hunting grounds. .
B. inhabitants had been forced to withdraw from their hunting grounds to the land that bordered the Nile
C. inhabitants were forced to withdraw from their hunting grounds to the land bordering the Nile.
D. inhabitants having been forced to, withdraw from their hunting grounds to the land that bordered the Nile
E. inhabitants withdraw, because they are forced to, from their hunting grounds to the land bordering the Nile.
C为正确选项，the land bordering the Nile 合理的逻辑关系应为：后者作为前者的动作具有客观性，多次性和重复性，无明确时间概念，应使用ing形式做定语强调这一逻辑关系，定语从句做定语强调动作的一次性和具体时间下的具体行为。
例2 OG10-80
Salt deposits and moisture threaten to destroy the Mohenjo-Daro excavation in Pakistan, the site of an ancient civilization that flourished at the same time as the civilizations in the Nile delta and the river valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates.
A. that flourished at the same time as the civilizations
B. that had flourished at the same time as had the civilizations
C. that flourished at the same time those had
D. flourishing at the same time as those did
E. flourishing at the same time as those were
OG解释flourishing 有ongoing 的嫌疑。对于过去发生的某个动作，ETS喜欢用that did
观点二（限定性非限定性）
that定语从句和分词的区别：分词相当于非限定定语从句，而限定定语从句和非限定定语从句的区别是局部和范围的区别，所表达的意思有很大的差异
A. 限定性修饰, 起限制约束作用:
1.由that 引导的定语从句, (that只引导限定性定语从句, 前面不会有逗号)
2.由前面没有逗号的一wh开头的词(who, which...)引导的定语从句,
3.with引导的短语
构成的修饰就是限定性的修饰, 起限制的作用. 就象OG1里的that定语从句. 什么样的divorce呢? 是发生在when they were children时候的divorce, 而不是所有的divorce. 即限定
B. 非限制性修饰:
1. 由前面有逗号的一wh开头的词(who, which...)引导的定语从句
2.. 由分词短语
构成的修饰就是非限制性修饰, 起解释, 说明的作用. 就象OG1里的divorce, 如果用分词修饰就变成 divorce 的定义(definition) 是 occuring when a child, 即解释, 说明.
例1．前辈NN讨论贴里关于限定非限定的强贴
1．He asks the girls who is in red clothes to form a team.
2．He asks the girls with red clothes to form a team.
3．He asks the girls, who is in red to form a team.
4．He asks the girls, dressing in red clothes to form a team.
1,2句是限定的，可以想象成体育馆中有一大群女孩儿，有穿红的，穿绿的，有黄的等等，这群女孩子中穿红的那一部分组成一个队。此时这个穿红的修辞成份是对女孩子的群体起限定作用，是局部概念。
2,3句是非限定的，可以想象成体育馆中有一大群女孩子，所有的女孩子一个不落地组成一个队，这些女孩子共有一个特点，全都是穿红的。此时穿红的修辞成份是对女孩子的群体不作限定，只表示这一个群体的特点。
不加逗号的定语从句是限定的，加逗号的定语从句是非限定的。 With限定，-ing或-ed分词不限定
2．用代词they were清楚指代先行词，什么时候该有代词they.,什么时候该省略？
从句中主语的省略问题
从句中如果有省略主语，其逻辑主语指向它修饰的部分的中心词。要考虑他是否合理。
The complete form of choice A is "occurring when (divorce was) a child" . Note:The clause is 'A divorce occured when (it was)a child', the logic subject (which is the subject of the clause) and link verb are omitted. So if you want to restore the omitted part, you have to use the subject of the sentence plus be. It is a rule, so memorize it. Of cource the meaning of this clause is absurd, so A is wrong. Pls refer to 《新编英语语法，章振邦》P1153，chapter36，无动词分句。
--主从主语一致才可以省略
3．结构和逻辑上的错误
Choice A incorrectly introduces the when... phrase with occurring, thus illogically making divorce the grammatical referent of when a child;
Divorce occurred when (divorce) a child.
4．单复数一致, a child,和children, 另外Each 指代单数，译为每一个，各自的，与文中的复数不一致
5.为什么有men and women ,effects ，children, they 等复数 divorce 却用单数呢?
一个群体如果指一个共有特征的时候，这个特征可以用单数。
6．时态错误.--为什么这里现在完成时错误？什么时候用过去时什么时候用现在完成时？
比较过去时与现在完成时的区别
1）过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。
2）过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。
3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know. 过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。
观点一（一次性动作和反复性动作）
that+从句修饰名词表示一次性的动作。v-ing修饰名词表示反复性的动作
现在分词表示动作的反复、正在进行和延续，用在这里明显不合适，况且后面还有时间状语when，只能是过去分词表示一次性发生的动作。
现在分词做定语，有三个作用，其一，相当于进行时态表示的正在进行的动作,这个好理解；其二，相当于一般时态所表示的任何时候都能发生的动作，eg:A man living in town rarely sees cows.要注意：做定语的现在分词和谓语动作必须表示相同的时间，否则只能用定语从句，不能用现在分词。eg:I muse find out the child who broke my door.(not breaking my door)如果是最后这一句所示的规则。那么该句使用that occured修饰divorce是非常合理的。（张道真语法的解释）
例1 白勇语法里此问题的例句及一段解释
In Egypt in the late Palaeolithic period, the climate changed, pastures became deserts, and the inhabitants were forced to withdraw to the land bordering the Nile from their hunting grounds. .
A. inhabitants were forced to withdraw to the land bordering the Nile from their hunting grounds. .
B. inhabitants had been forced to withdraw from their hunting grounds to the land that bordered the Nile
C. inhabitants were forced to withdraw from their hunting grounds to the land bordering the Nile.
D. inhabitants having been forced to, withdraw from their hunting grounds to the land that bordered the Nile
E. inhabitants withdraw, because they are forced to, from their hunting grounds to the land bordering the Nile.
C为正确选项，the land bordering the Nile 合理的逻辑关系应为：后者作为前者的动作具有客观性，多次性和重复性，无明确时间概念，应使用ing形式做定语强调这一逻辑关系，定语从句做定语强调动作的一次性和具体时间下的具体行为。
例2 OG10-80
Salt deposits and moisture threaten to destroy the Mohenjo-Daro excavation in Pakistan, the site of an ancient civilization that flourished at the same time as the civilizations in the Nile delta and the river valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates.
A. that flourished at the same time as the civilizations
B. that had flourished at the same time as had the civilizations
C. that flourished at the same time those had
D. flourishing at the same time as those did
E. flourishing at the same time as those were
OG解释flourishing 有ongoing 的嫌疑。对于过去发生的某个动作，ETS喜欢用that did
观点二（限定性非限定性）
that定语从句和分词的区别：分词相当于非限定定语从句，而限定定语从句和非限定定语从句的区别是局部和范围的区别，所表达的意思有很大的差异
A. 限定性修饰, 起限制约束作用:
1.由that 引导的定语从句, (that只引导限定性定语从句, 前面不会有逗号)
2.由前面没有逗号的一wh开头的词(who, which...)引导的定语从句,
3.with引导的短语
构成的修饰就是限定性的修饰, 起限制的作用. 就象OG1里的that定语从句. 什么样的divorce呢? 是发生在when they were children时候的divorce, 而不是所有的divorce. 即限定
B. 非限制性修饰:
1. 由前面有逗号的一wh开头的词(who, which...)引导的定语从句
2.. 由分词短语
构成的修饰就是非限制性修饰, 起解释, 说明的作用. 就象OG1里的divorce, 如果用分词修饰就变成 divorce 的定义(definition) 是 occuring when a child, 即解释, 说明.
例1．前辈NN讨论贴里关于限定非限定的强贴
1．He asks the girls who is in red clothes to form a team.
2．He asks the girls with red clothes to form a team.
3．He asks the girls, who is in red to form a team.
4．He asks the girls, dressing in red clothes to form a team.
1,2句是限定的，可以想象成体育馆中有一大群女孩儿，有穿红的，穿绿的，有黄的等等，这群女孩子中穿红的那一部分组成一个队。此时这个穿红的修辞成份是对女孩子的群体起限定作用，是局部概念。
2,3句是非限定的，可以想象成体育馆中有一大群女孩子，所有的女孩子一个不落地组成一个队，这些女孩子共有一个特点，全都是穿红的。此时穿红的修辞成份是对女孩子的群体不作限定，只表示这一个群体的特点。
不加逗号的定语从句是限定的，加逗号的定语从句是非限定的。 With限定，-ing或-ed分词不限定
2．用代词they were清楚指代先行词，什么时候该有代词they.,什么时候该省略？
从句中主语的省略问题
从句中如果有省略主语，其逻辑主语指向它修饰的部分的中心词。要考虑他是否合理。
The complete form of choice A is "occurring when (divorce was) a child" . Note:The clause is 'A divorce occured when (it was)a child', the logic subject (which is the subject of the clause) and link verb are omitted. So if you want to restore the omitted part, you have to use the subject of the sentence plus be. It is a rule, so memorize it. Of cource the meaning of this clause is absurd, so A is wrong. Pls refer to 《新编英语语法，章振邦》P1153，chapter36，无动词分句。
--主从主语一致才可以省略
3．结构和逻辑上的错误
Choice A incorrectly introduces the when... phrase with occurring, thus illogically making divorce the grammatical referent of when a child;
Divorce occurred when (divorce) a child.
4．单复数一致, a child,和children, 另外Each 指代单数，译为每一个，各自的，与文中的复数不一致
5.为什么有men and women ,effects ，children, they 等复数 divorce 却用单数呢?
一个群体如果指一个共有特征的时候，这个特征可以用单数。
6．时态错误.--为什么这里现在完成时错误？什么时候用过去时什么时候用现在完成时？
比较过去时与现在完成时的区别
1）过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。
2）过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。
3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know. 过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。
参考资料：http://www.examda.com/gmat/Guide/20071012/152033222-2.html
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第1个回答 2008-10-29
和从句一样啊。故名思议，限定性的就是离开此短语或从句，主句意思仍然完整。非限定性就是离开此短语或从句，主句意思不完整。
