如题所述
[教学步骤] Teaching process
Step 1 Greetings
Step 2 Lead-in
By the end of Senior Grade 2, we had learned all the important grammar points of middle school English. And since last September, we have revised all these grammar points. In this class we’ll have a general review on the English grammar system. As usual, we’ll explain grammar in Chinese.
语法包括词法和句法两部分。
Step 3 Morphology 词法
1. 复习十大词类名称。英语的实词虚词与汉语略有不同。
2. 名词:主要有名词分类,单复数及所有格。理解名词分类以后,对单复数就容易理解。名词变复数的规则以及名词所有格主要是初一所学,这里省略。
3. 动词:动词知识是十大词类当中最多的一个词类,包括四种分类,五种形式,十六种时态,两种语态,三种非谓语动词,以及虚拟语气。如果你愿意按一二三四五六去记忆也行(一指虚拟语气,六指十六种时态)。较为详细复习。复习内容见课件以及后面的语法体系表。
4. 代词:共有八种不同的代词。
5. 数词:包括基数词,序数词,分数词,百分数,倍数等。对百分之多少的人或物要注意英汉表达方式上的差异。
6. 形容词:复习一下多个形容词作定语的顺序位置,但主要知识点是比较级与最高级。
7. 副词:主要知识点是比较级与最高级。数词,形容词与副词比较级知识中都涉及到倍数的表达方式。要表示“甲物体是乙物体的三倍大”,有三个句型,一定要掌握。
A is three times the size of B.
A is three times as big as B.
A is twice bigger than B.
8. 冠词:冠词总共三个,a 和 an 是不定冠词,the 是定冠词,定冠词最主要的用法就是“特指”。
这里特别提一下表示类指(即表示某一类人或物)的用法,以下三个句型意思一样,但表达不同。
A horse is a useful animal. (马是有用的动物)
The horse is a useful animal.
Horses are useful animals.
9. 连词
连词主要放在并列句或从句中学习,这里省略。
10. 介词
介词有一些搭配可以分类理解但绝大多数介词都是固定搭配或习惯用法,靠平时掌握。
11. 感叹词,基本不考查。
12. 构词法(word formation)
1) 合成(compounding)如 blackboard, classroom, basketball, 等。
2) 转化(conversion),如 Put up your hand. (hand 是名词)
Please hand me some paper. (hand = pass,传递,动词)
3) 派生(derivation),即加前后缀,如 appear → disappear, sad → sadness, expect → unexpected。
Step 4 Sentence structures 句法
1. 句子成分(members of the sentence):英语的句子成分主要有:主语,谓语,宾语,表语,定语,状语,宾语补足语,同位语,插入语。
2. 简单句的五种基本结构:
1) 主语 + 谓语(SV):He laughed. I left.
2) 主语 + 系动词 + 表语(SVP):We are Chinese. He looks fine.
3) 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语(SVO):We study English. Lin Tao likes football.
4) 主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语(SVOO)(间宾+直宾=双宾)
He gave me a book. Mother bought her daughter a new dress.
5) 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语(SVOC)(宾语+宾补=复合宾语)
The father named the baby Tom. The teacher told the student to close the window.
从以上结构中可以看出,每个简单句都一定有一个主语部分,一个谓语部分,用英语表示就是 SV。
3. 句子分类:英语句子按功能用途分有四类,按结构分有三类(见后表)。
4. 句子分析
简单句只有一个主谓结构,但可以是并列主语,也可以是并列谓语,并列宾语,如:Wang Peng and Yong Hui opened a restaurant and made a lot of money.
并列句就是用并列连词连接两个或更多个简单句,但每个简单句是并列关系,如:Wang Peng and Yong Hui opened a restaurant and they made a lot of money.
Not only did he speak English more correctly, but he also spoke more easily.
复合句就是用关联词把两个或更多个句子连在一起,其中一个作主句,其它作从句。最简单的复合句是用关联词把两个简单句连在一起,一个主句,一个从句。如何判断从句,只要看从句在全句中的句子成分,如果一个句子作主语,我们就叫它为主语从句,一个句子作宾语就叫宾语从句,作表语就叫表语从句,其余类推。例如:
When he will come is unknown. (从句作主语,叫主语从句)
I don’t know when he will come. (从句作宾语,叫宾语从句)
The question is when he will come. (从句作表语,叫表语从句)
I have no idea when he will come. (从句作同位语,叫同位语从句)
Do you know the time when he will come? (从句作定语,叫定语从句)
When he comes, please call me. (从句作时间状语,叫时间状语从句)
As is well known, Taiwan is part of China. (定语从句)
It is well known that Taiwan is part of China. (划线部分是主句,后面 that 引导主语从句)
We all know that Taiwan is part of China. (划线部分是主句,后面 that 引导宾语从句)
What is well known is that Taiwan is part of China. (主语从句)
有时,某些题要求把句子结构分析准确才好确定答案,例如:
There ____ no bus, we had to walk home.
A. was B. is C. to be D. being (正确答案选 D.)
we had to walk home 是一个主谓完整的句子,前面用逗号,但全句又没有关联词或并列连词,所以全句是一个简单句,There being no bus 是独立主格结构,作状语。对比:
There was no bus;we had to walk home. (并列句)
There was no bus, so we had to walk home. (并列句)
Because there was no bus, we had to walk home. (because 引导原因状语从句)
5. 其它句法专题:
直接引语和间接引语,倒装句,强调句,主谓一致,there be 句型,it 的用法,省略,固定句型。
在理解的基础上,记住一些例句,对这些句法是比较容易掌握的,这里不详细复习。
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