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A BRIEF HISTORY OF JAPAN
The history of Japan is long and complicated, spanning more than 100,000 years. This site will highlight the following periods: Ancient Japan, The Feudal Age, Isolationism, Restoration of Imperial Rule, the Modern Period, and Present Day Japan.
Ancient Japan:
Not much is known about ancient Japan. Much of early written history was based on myths and legends. Japan was first inhabited more than 100,000 years ago, while still attached to Continental Asia. Archeologists believe that the ancient people living there were hunters and gatherers. As time passed, they developed stone implements, advanced hunting techniques, and the production of earthenware containers for cooking and storing food. The era lasting from eight thousand to three thousand BC is called the Joman period because of the style of pottery produced during that time.
Around 3000 BC, rice planting and metal workings were introduced from the Asian continent, leading to the use of iron weapons and farming tools. Many small states formed across the country during the Yayoi period (named after the wheel-turned pottery produced during this time). The states gradually unified producing a strong political authority centered in Yamato which ruled over the country.
Big advances were made in agriculture during the period from 400-600 AD. Chinese culture, including Confucianism and Buddhism, was introduced through Korea. Contact with the kingdoms on the Korean peninsula had been made by the end of the 4th century, bringing in industrial arts such as weaving, metalworking, tanning, and shipbuilding.
The Chinese written language was adopted, leading to knowledge of the beginnings of medicine, how to use a calendar and astronomy, and the idea of Confucianism. Buddhism appeared in Japan in 538 AD, coming by way of India. Japan's rulers built their own system of government based on China's
After being in the cities of Nara, Kyoto, Osaka, and others, a new capital was established in Kyoto in 794, marking the start of the Heian period, which stayed through disturbed toward the end of 900 AD, Japan's civilization began to take on its own unique characteristics. As new things from other cultures were introduced, they were modified and absorbed into Japanese style. An example of this is the Japanese script, adapted from the more difficult Chinese script.
As the court pursued the elegance and sophistication of the arts and society, its authority was eroding. After a fierce rivalry, the Minamoto family won control in 1185.
The Feudal Age:
The win of the Minamotos marked the end of the power of the imperial throne and the beginning of seven centuries of feudal rule under different military leaders called shoguns. As the shoguns feuded with each other, they also had to withstand attempts at invasion by Mongols, a brief restoration of imperial rule, and continuing civil wars. After establishing order in the country in 1590, General Toyotomi Hideyoshi made two failed attempts to invade Korea. His efforts to unite Japan were continued by Tokugawa Ieyasu.
Unity in isolation:
Ieyasu's work to preserve the integrity of social and political norms led to a policy of isolation from other nations. Before Japan closed its doors to the outside world in 1639, the Europeans who visited converted numerous people to Christianity. This was a threat to the shoguns, who banned entry to all foreigners, except for a few Dutch traders, some Chinese, and occasional royal envoys from Korea. This isolation continued for 250 years.
Restoration of imperial rule:
The pressure on Japan to open its shores to the outside world intensified between the late 1800s and the early 1900s. Domestically, the stringent social and political structure of Ieyasu's rule was feeling the stresses caused by the advancing times.
During the 1850's, Commodore Matthew Perry, from the United States of America, convinced the Japanese to enter treaties of amity with the USA, Russia, Britain, and the Netherlands. These treaties opened Japan again to foreign discussions resulting in agreements to engage in commerce with these countries, as well as France. The new open policies brought about the end of the feudal era, after years of turmoil. Full sovereignty was restored to the Emperor in 1868 during the Meiji Restoration.
The Modern Period:
The first era of this period is the Meiji era, from 1868 to 1912. The Meiji era is considered one of the very best periods of time in all of the nations. Japan was under the reign of the Emperor Meiji at the time, and tried to do in a few years, what had taken hundreds of years, before, to accomplish. The idea of the creation was to make everything "modern". They wanted a modern nation, industries, political institutions, and a modern society.
Emperor Meiji began with his rule, starting off, by moving the capital of Japan from Kyoto to Edo, which had been very important in the Feudal Period. Then he changed the name of the new capital from Edo to the famous Tokyo, which means eastern capital. Then Emperor Meiji got rid of the old feudal classes, and started a new constitution. The constitution established a cabinet and legislature. The old classes were done away with as the country studied the modern western civilization.
From 1894 to 1895 Japan fought the Sino-Japanese War, and won, acquiring Taiwan from China. Japan also won the Russo-Japanese war, of 1904 to 1905 and acquired South Sakhalin. Japan made Korea it's protectorate in 1905 and annexed in 1910. By the end of World War One Japan was recognized as one of the world's great powers.
The Shawa began in 1926 when Emperor Hirohito began to rule. During this era, industries grew parliamentary government became accepted, but the world wide depression had a negative impact on the nation's economy. A war with China erupted and the political parties were replaced by united national party. Without parliamentary objection the Pacific War began in 1941.
From 1945 to the Present:
Japan surrendered to the Allied powers in 1945, and was placed under allied control for more than 6 years. Under Occupation, social and political reforms were made. Agricultural land was returned to normal tenants; workers' unions were formed; great family holding companies were dissolved; women were given the right to vote; and freedom to assemble, speak, and worship were guaranteed. A liberal new constitution was enacted in 1947. Japan signed the San Francisco Peace Treaty in 1951, and returned to the unity of nations with the right to conduct foreign affairs.
Japan needed to rebuild its economy and with the help of other nations began to participate in international trade. By the mid 1960s the economy had recovered enough to allow Japan to compete in open markets of the world. It was admitted to the United Nations in 1956 to strengthen its international position. Twenty years after its defeat in World War 2 Japan had almost completely recovered from the destruction caused by the war. It hosted the Olympics in 1964, symbolizing its improving position in the international committee. Japan's government has been fairly stable since 1965.
Recent changes in Japan include a shift in values to more personalized goals and self expression. Japan currently is a significant player in the areas of trade, finance, and economic and technological assistance. The present Government has a positive view towards Japan's contributing to the world community.
参考资料：http://tps.dpi.state.nc.us/connectasia/Japan/japan_doc..htm
The history of Japan is long and complicated, spanning more than 100,000 years. This site will highlight the following periods: Ancient Japan, The Feudal Age, Isolationism, Restoration of Imperial Rule, the Modern Period, and Present Day Japan.
Ancient Japan:
Not much is known about ancient Japan. Much of early written history was based on myths and legends. Japan was first inhabited more than 100,000 years ago, while still attached to Continental Asia. Archeologists believe that the ancient people living there were hunters and gatherers. As time passed, they developed stone implements, advanced hunting techniques, and the production of earthenware containers for cooking and storing food. The era lasting from eight thousand to three thousand BC is called the Joman period because of the style of pottery produced during that time.
Around 3000 BC, rice planting and metal workings were introduced from the Asian continent, leading to the use of iron weapons and farming tools. Many small states formed across the country during the Yayoi period (named after the wheel-turned pottery produced during this time). The states gradually unified producing a strong political authority centered in Yamato which ruled over the country.
Big advances were made in agriculture during the period from 400-600 AD. Chinese culture, including Confucianism and Buddhism, was introduced through Korea. Contact with the kingdoms on the Korean peninsula had been made by the end of the 4th century, bringing in industrial arts such as weaving, metalworking, tanning, and shipbuilding.
The Chinese written language was adopted, leading to knowledge of the beginnings of medicine, how to use a calendar and astronomy, and the idea of Confucianism. Buddhism appeared in Japan in 538 AD, coming by way of India. Japan's rulers built their own system of government based on China's
After being in the cities of Nara, Kyoto, Osaka, and others, a new capital was established in Kyoto in 794, marking the start of the Heian period, which stayed through disturbed toward the end of 900 AD, Japan's civilization began to take on its own unique characteristics. As new things from other cultures were introduced, they were modified and absorbed into Japanese style. An example of this is the Japanese script, adapted from the more difficult Chinese script.
As the court pursued the elegance and sophistication of the arts and society, its authority was eroding. After a fierce rivalry, the Minamoto family won control in 1185.
The Feudal Age:
The win of the Minamotos marked the end of the power of the imperial throne and the beginning of seven centuries of feudal rule under different military leaders called shoguns. As the shoguns feuded with each other, they also had to withstand attempts at invasion by Mongols, a brief restoration of imperial rule, and continuing civil wars. After establishing order in the country in 1590, General Toyotomi Hideyoshi made two failed attempts to invade Korea. His efforts to unite Japan were continued by Tokugawa Ieyasu.
Unity in isolation:
Ieyasu's work to preserve the integrity of social and political norms led to a policy of isolation from other nations. Before Japan closed its doors to the outside world in 1639, the Europeans who visited converted numerous people to Christianity. This was a threat to the shoguns, who banned entry to all foreigners, except for a few Dutch traders, some Chinese, and occasional royal envoys from Korea. This isolation continued for 250 years.
Restoration of imperial rule:
The pressure on Japan to open its shores to the outside world intensified between the late 1800s and the early 1900s. Domestically, the stringent social and political structure of Ieyasu's rule was feeling the stresses caused by the advancing times.
During the 1850's, Commodore Matthew Perry, from the United States of America, convinced the Japanese to enter treaties of amity with the USA, Russia, Britain, and the Netherlands. These treaties opened Japan again to foreign discussions resulting in agreements to engage in commerce with these countries, as well as France. The new open policies brought about the end of the feudal era, after years of turmoil. Full sovereignty was restored to the Emperor in 1868 during the Meiji Restoration.
The Modern Period:
The first era of this period is the Meiji era, from 1868 to 1912. The Meiji era is considered one of the very best periods of time in all of the nations. Japan was under the reign of the Emperor Meiji at the time, and tried to do in a few years, what had taken hundreds of years, before, to accomplish. The idea of the creation was to make everything "modern". They wanted a modern nation, industries, political institutions, and a modern society.
Emperor Meiji began with his rule, starting off, by moving the capital of Japan from Kyoto to Edo, which had been very important in the Feudal Period. Then he changed the name of the new capital from Edo to the famous Tokyo, which means eastern capital. Then Emperor Meiji got rid of the old feudal classes, and started a new constitution. The constitution established a cabinet and legislature. The old classes were done away with as the country studied the modern western civilization.
From 1894 to 1895 Japan fought the Sino-Japanese War, and won, acquiring Taiwan from China. Japan also won the Russo-Japanese war, of 1904 to 1905 and acquired South Sakhalin. Japan made Korea it's protectorate in 1905 and annexed in 1910. By the end of World War One Japan was recognized as one of the world's great powers.
The Shawa began in 1926 when Emperor Hirohito began to rule. During this era, industries grew parliamentary government became accepted, but the world wide depression had a negative impact on the nation's economy. A war with China erupted and the political parties were replaced by united national party. Without parliamentary objection the Pacific War began in 1941.
From 1945 to the Present:
Japan surrendered to the Allied powers in 1945, and was placed under allied control for more than 6 years. Under Occupation, social and political reforms were made. Agricultural land was returned to normal tenants; workers' unions were formed; great family holding companies were dissolved; women were given the right to vote; and freedom to assemble, speak, and worship were guaranteed. A liberal new constitution was enacted in 1947. Japan signed the San Francisco Peace Treaty in 1951, and returned to the unity of nations with the right to conduct foreign affairs.
Japan needed to rebuild its economy and with the help of other nations began to participate in international trade. By the mid 1960s the economy had recovered enough to allow Japan to compete in open markets of the world. It was admitted to the United Nations in 1956 to strengthen its international position. Twenty years after its defeat in World War 2 Japan had almost completely recovered from the destruction caused by the war. It hosted the Olympics in 1964, symbolizing its improving position in the international committee. Japan's government has been fairly stable since 1965.
Recent changes in Japan include a shift in values to more personalized goals and self expression. Japan currently is a significant player in the areas of trade, finance, and economic and technological assistance. The present Government has a positive view towards Japan's contributing to the world community.
参考资料：http://tps.dpi.state.nc.us/connectasia/Japan/japan_doc..htm
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