详细点 最好有例句~
英语分词用法
分词用法详析
分词也是一种限定动词,分为现在分词和过去分词。它保留着动词的若干特征,又具有形容词、副词的特征。分词有时态和语态变化,又带有宾语并能被状语修饰。分词在句中主要作定语、状语用,作表语也十分普遍。
一、分词的形式
语态
时态
主动语态
被动语态
一般式
doing
being done
完成式
having done
having been done
其否定形式是在doing之后加上not。
二、分词的作用
分词在句中可作定语、表语、状语、补足语等。
1、作定语
分词作定语有两种形式。它可以放在被修饰的名词之前,称为前置定语。有的放在被修饰的名词之后,称为后置定语。
(1)前置定语
He is a promising young man. 他是一个有前途的年轻人。
Make less noise. There’s a sleeping child. 不要出太大声音,有个孩子在睡觉。
We only sell used books. 我们只卖用过的书。
(2)后置定语
The young man sitting between John and Mary is the editor of the campus newspaper. 坐在约翰和玛丽之间的那个年轻小伙子是校园报的编辑。
The bridge built last month needs repairing. 上个月建造的那座桥需要修理。
(3)过去分词作定语有的既可前置也可后置。如:
All the broken windows have been repaired. 所有坏了的窗户已经修理好了。
All the windows broken have been repaired.
(4)分词短语作定语必须置于被修饰词之后,相当于一个定语从句。如:
Those wishing to join this club should sign here. 想加入本俱乐部的人在这里签名。 (=Those who wish to join the club should sign here.)
The man, having been disturbed so badly, almost lost his memory. 由于被严重困扰,这个人几乎失去了
记忆
。 (The man, who had been disturbed so badly, almost lost his memory.)
(4)完成体的分词一般不作定语,若要表达完成意义最好用定语从句。如:
我们一般不说:The girl having won the race is my deskmate.
而常这样说:The girl who has won the race is my deskmate.
(5)非限定性的完成体作定语或如果分词所修饰的词是泛指则没有这个限制。如:
Anyone having passed the test has got a prize. 任何通过
考试
的人都能得到一份奖品。
Charlie, having lived in Paris for years, decided to return to London. 在巴黎呆过多年,查理决定重返伦敦。
(6)过去分词作定语在意义上有两种可能:表示被动和完成,只表完成。如:
the question discussed yesterday 昨天讨论的问题 (既表示被动也表示完成)
the fallen leaves 落下的树叶 (只表示完成,不表示被动)
在
英语
中只表完成不表被动的往往是一些不及物动词的过去分词,常见的有:
the changed situation, a newly returned sudent等。
2、作表语
分词作表语表示主语的某种性质或状态。如:
The shops have remained shut for a week. 这家商店关门一周了。
What you said is really inspiring. 你所说的真令从鼓舞。
3、作宾语补足语
I oftentimes hear a girl singing downstairs. 我有时听到楼下有一个小姑娘在唱歌。
I find some students in this school often punished by the teachers. 我发现这所学校的学生经常被老师惩罚。
用分词作宾语补足语的动词请参阅《句法篇-句子的类型》部分。
4、作状语
分词在句中作状语,可以表示各种不同的语义内容。它可以表示时间、原因、让步、结果、方式、条件等。如:
(1)表示时间
Arriving in Paris, I lost my way. 到了巴黎,我迷了路。
The hunter walked slowly in the forest, followed by his wolf-dog. 猎人在森林里慢慢地走着,后面跟着一只狼狗。
表示与主句中谓语动词同时性的现在分词强调时间意义时,分词前可以加上while, when等从属连接词,但as没有这种用法。如:
Don’t talk while having dinner. 吃饭时不要说话。
When crossing the street, do be careful. 过马路时要小心。
(2)表示原因
表示原因的分词短语一般置于句首。
Having lived in London for years, I almost know every place quite well. 在伦敦住过多年,我几乎对每个地方都很熟悉。
Seriously injured, he had to be taken to hospital. 由于伤得严重,只好把他送往医院。
(3)表示结果
The fire lasted nearly a month, leaving nothing valuable. 大火持续了近一个月,几乎没剩下什么有用的东西。
Football is played in more than 80 countries, making it a popular sport. 80多个国家都踢足球,因此足球成了一种很流行的运动。
(4)表示方式
I stood by the door, not daring to say a word. 我站在门旁,不敢说一句话。
(5)表示条件
United, we stand; divided, we fall. 联合起来我们就能站立,分裂我们必然倒下。
Being more careful, you can make fewer mistakes. 如果你更细心,你会犯更少的错误。
强调条件时,可以在前面加上unless, once等。如:
You shouldn’t come in unless asked to. 不让你进来你不准进来。
Once losing this chance, you can’t easily find it. 一旦失去这次机会你就很难找回。
二、分词的独立主格结构
分词短语作状语时,其逻辑主语就是句子的主语,否则,就必须在分词前另加上自己的逻辑主语(名词或主格代词)的这个结构叫独立主格结构或分词的复合结构。
1、独立主格结构常放在句首。表示时间、条件、原因时,其作用分别相当于个时间、条件、原因状语从名句。表示伴随方式时,相当于一个并列句。如:
Supper finished (=After supper was finished), we started to discuss the picnic. 吃完晚饭,我们开始讨论野餐的事。
All the tickets having been sold out (=As all the tickets having been sold out), we had to wait for the next week’s show. 所有的票都卖出去了,我们只好等着看下周的演出。
2、表示独立主格结构中的being常省略。如:
The football match (being) over, crowds of people poured out into the steet. 足球赛五结束,从群便涌到大街上。
Nobody (being) in, I didn’t enter the hall. 里面没有人,我没进大厅。
3、表示伴随方式的独立主格结构,有时可用“with+宾语+宾语补足语”的结构来替换。如:
He lay there thinking, his hands behind his head (with his hands behind his head). 他双手放在头下,躺在那里思考着。
The river looks more beautiful, flowers and grass growing on both sides(=with flowers and grass growing on both sides). 这条河看上去更加漂亮,因为两岸长满了鲜花和绿草。
with+宾语+宾语补足语的结构是
英语
中常见常用的结构,其宾语补足语可以是现在分词、过去分词、不定式、形容词、副词、介词短语等,在句中可作定语,也可作状语,表示原因、方式等。如:
The children looked at us, with their eyes opening wide. 孩子们眼睛睁得大大地看着我。
I would miss the train, with no one to wake me up. 没人叫我,我会错过火车的。
The river with grass and flowers on both sides runs through our schoolyard. 这条两河两岸长满鲜花和绿草正从我们校园穿过。
With the examinations over, we had a long time to rest.
考试
结束了,我们有一段长长的时间可以休息。
4、有些惯用的分词短语在句里可以没有逻辑上的主语而独立存在,它们往往作为句子的独立成分来修饰全句。如:
generally/strictly/roughly/broadly/narrowly speaking, judging from/by, considering, supposing, providing, provided等。如:
Talking of the computer, I like it very much. 谈到电脑,我非常喜欢。
Considering the time, we have decided to start early tomorrow morning.
考试
到时间,我们已经决定明早一早出发。
☆※☆good g ood study☆day day up ☆※☆
分词用法详析
分词也是一种限定动词,分为现在分词和过去分词。它保留着动词的若干特征,又具有形容词、副词的特征。分词有时态和语态变化,又带有宾语并能被状语修饰。分词在句中主要作定语、状语用,作表语也十分普遍。
一、分词的形式
语态
时态
主动语态
被动语态
一般式
doing
being done
完成式
having done
having been done
其否定形式是在doing之后加上not。
二、分词的作用
分词在句中可作定语、表语、状语、补足语等。
1、作定语
分词作定语有两种形式。它可以放在被修饰的名词之前,称为前置定语。有的放在被修饰的名词之后,称为后置定语。
(1)前置定语
He is a promising young man. 他是一个有前途的年轻人。
Make less noise. There’s a sleeping child. 不要出太大声音,有个孩子在睡觉。
We only sell used books. 我们只卖用过的书。
(2)后置定语
The young man sitting between John and Mary is the editor of the campus newspaper. 坐在约翰和玛丽之间的那个年轻小伙子是校园报的编辑。
The bridge built last month needs repairing. 上个月建造的那座桥需要修理。
(3)过去分词作定语有的既可前置也可后置。如:
All the broken windows have been repaired. 所有坏了的窗户已经修理好了。
All the windows broken have been repaired.
(4)分词短语作定语必须置于被修饰词之后,相当于一个定语从句。如:
Those wishing to join this club should sign here. 想加入本俱乐部的人在这里签名。 (=Those who wish to join the club should sign here.)
The man, having been disturbed so badly, almost lost his memory. 由于被严重困扰,这个人几乎失去了
记忆
。 (The man, who had been disturbed so badly, almost lost his memory.)
(4)完成体的分词一般不作定语,若要表达完成意义最好用定语从句。如:
我们一般不说:The girl having won the race is my deskmate.
而常这样说:The girl who has won the race is my deskmate.
(5)非限定性的完成体作定语或如果分词所修饰的词是泛指则没有这个限制。如:
Anyone having passed the test has got a prize. 任何通过
考试
的人都能得到一份奖品。
Charlie, having lived in Paris for years, decided to return to London. 在巴黎呆过多年,查理决定重返伦敦。
(6)过去分词作定语在意义上有两种可能:表示被动和完成,只表完成。如:
the question discussed yesterday 昨天讨论的问题 (既表示被动也表示完成)
the fallen leaves 落下的树叶 (只表示完成,不表示被动)
在
英语
中只表完成不表被动的往往是一些不及物动词的过去分词,常见的有:
the changed situation, a newly returned sudent等。
2、作表语
分词作表语表示主语的某种性质或状态。如:
The shops have remained shut for a week. 这家商店关门一周了。
What you said is really inspiring. 你所说的真令从鼓舞。
3、作宾语补足语
I oftentimes hear a girl singing downstairs. 我有时听到楼下有一个小姑娘在唱歌。
I find some students in this school often punished by the teachers. 我发现这所学校的学生经常被老师惩罚。
用分词作宾语补足语的动词请参阅《句法篇-句子的类型》部分。
4、作状语
分词在句中作状语,可以表示各种不同的语义内容。它可以表示时间、原因、让步、结果、方式、条件等。如:
(1)表示时间
Arriving in Paris, I lost my way. 到了巴黎,我迷了路。
The hunter walked slowly in the forest, followed by his wolf-dog. 猎人在森林里慢慢地走着,后面跟着一只狼狗。
表示与主句中谓语动词同时性的现在分词强调时间意义时,分词前可以加上while, when等从属连接词,但as没有这种用法。如:
Don’t talk while having dinner. 吃饭时不要说话。
When crossing the street, do be careful. 过马路时要小心。
(2)表示原因
表示原因的分词短语一般置于句首。
Having lived in London for years, I almost know every place quite well. 在伦敦住过多年,我几乎对每个地方都很熟悉。
Seriously injured, he had to be taken to hospital. 由于伤得严重,只好把他送往医院。
(3)表示结果
The fire lasted nearly a month, leaving nothing valuable. 大火持续了近一个月,几乎没剩下什么有用的东西。
Football is played in more than 80 countries, making it a popular sport. 80多个国家都踢足球,因此足球成了一种很流行的运动。
(4)表示方式
I stood by the door, not daring to say a word. 我站在门旁,不敢说一句话。
(5)表示条件
United, we stand; divided, we fall. 联合起来我们就能站立,分裂我们必然倒下。
Being more careful, you can make fewer mistakes. 如果你更细心,你会犯更少的错误。
强调条件时,可以在前面加上unless, once等。如:
You shouldn’t come in unless asked to. 不让你进来你不准进来。
Once losing this chance, you can’t easily find it. 一旦失去这次机会你就很难找回。
二、分词的独立主格结构
分词短语作状语时,其逻辑主语就是句子的主语,否则,就必须在分词前另加上自己的逻辑主语(名词或主格代词)的这个结构叫独立主格结构或分词的复合结构。
1、独立主格结构常放在句首。表示时间、条件、原因时,其作用分别相当于个时间、条件、原因状语从名句。表示伴随方式时,相当于一个并列句。如:
Supper finished (=After supper was finished), we started to discuss the picnic. 吃完晚饭,我们开始讨论野餐的事。
All the tickets having been sold out (=As all the tickets having been sold out), we had to wait for the next week’s show. 所有的票都卖出去了,我们只好等着看下周的演出。
2、表示独立主格结构中的being常省略。如:
The football match (being) over, crowds of people poured out into the steet. 足球赛五结束,从群便涌到大街上。
Nobody (being) in, I didn’t enter the hall. 里面没有人,我没进大厅。
3、表示伴随方式的独立主格结构,有时可用“with+宾语+宾语补足语”的结构来替换。如:
He lay there thinking, his hands behind his head (with his hands behind his head). 他双手放在头下,躺在那里思考着。
The river looks more beautiful, flowers and grass growing on both sides(=with flowers and grass growing on both sides). 这条河看上去更加漂亮,因为两岸长满了鲜花和绿草。
with+宾语+宾语补足语的结构是
英语
中常见常用的结构,其宾语补足语可以是现在分词、过去分词、不定式、形容词、副词、介词短语等,在句中可作定语,也可作状语,表示原因、方式等。如:
The children looked at us, with their eyes opening wide. 孩子们眼睛睁得大大地看着我。
I would miss the train, with no one to wake me up. 没人叫我,我会错过火车的。
The river with grass and flowers on both sides runs through our schoolyard. 这条两河两岸长满鲜花和绿草正从我们校园穿过。
With the examinations over, we had a long time to rest.
考试
结束了,我们有一段长长的时间可以休息。
4、有些惯用的分词短语在句里可以没有逻辑上的主语而独立存在,它们往往作为句子的独立成分来修饰全句。如:
generally/strictly/roughly/broadly/narrowly speaking, judging from/by, considering, supposing, providing, provided等。如:
Talking of the computer, I like it very much. 谈到电脑,我非常喜欢。
Considering the time, we have decided to start early tomorrow morning.
考试
到时间,我们已经决定明早一早出发。
☆※☆good g ood study☆day day up ☆※☆
温馨提示:答案为网友推荐,仅供参考
第1个回答 2012-04-12
☆※☆good g ood study☆day day up ☆※☆
第2个回答 2020-06-13
分词在句子中作状语,表示当动作发生时主语的状态,可扩成句子:
When
we
are
born,we
are
crying.
When
we
live,
we
are
complaining.
When
we
die,
we
are
disappointed.
希望能帮助你。
When
we
are
born,we
are
crying.
When
we
live,
we
are
complaining.
When
we
die,
we
are
disappointed.
希望能帮助你。
第3个回答 2020-05-18
这是现在和过去分词作状语的用法,比如the
girl
go
to
school,
singing
and
dancing.唱歌跳舞是修饰GO
TO
SCHOOL的动作
crying是修饰born的状态,后亦同
你可以理解成有副词的功能
girl
go
to
school,
singing
and
dancing.唱歌跳舞是修饰GO
TO
SCHOOL的动作
crying是修饰born的状态,后亦同
你可以理解成有副词的功能
第4个回答 2007-10-11
动名词:
动名词既具有动词的一些特征,又具有名词的句法功能。
1.动名词的形式:
否定式:not + 动名词
(1)一般式:
Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。
(2)被动式:
He came to the party without being invited.他未被邀请就来到了晚会。
(3)完成式:
We remembered having seen the film. 我们记得看过这部电影。
(4)完成被动式:
He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old. 他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。
(5)否定式:not + 动名词
I regret not following his advice. 我后悔没听他的劝告。
(6)复合结构:物主代词(或名词所有格)+ 动名词
He suggested our trying it once again. 他建议我们再试一次。
His not knowing English troubled him a lot. 他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦。
2.动名词的句法功能:
(1)作主语:
Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗读是很有好处的。
Collecting stamps is interesting. 集邮很有趣。
当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语。
It's no use quarrelling.争吵是没用的。
(2)作表语:
In the ant city, the queen's job is laying eggs. 在蚂蚁王国,蚁后的工作是产卵。
(3)作宾语:
They haven't finished building the dam. 他们还没有建好大坝。
We have to prevent the air from being polluted. 我们必须阻止空气被污染。
注意动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语,如上面两个例句。此外,动名词作宾语时,若跟有宾语补足语,则常用形式宾语it,例如:
We found it no good making fun of others. 我们发现取笑他人不好。
要记住如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语:
enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid(避免), excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit(承认),deny(否认), mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk(冒险), appreciate(感激), be busy, be worth, feel like, can't stand, can't help(情不自禁地), think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent…(from),keep …from, stop…(from),protect…from, set about, be engaged in, spend…(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like
(4)作定语:
He can't walk without a walking-stick. 他没有拐杖不能走路。
Is there a swimming pool in your school? 你们学校有游泳池吗?
(5)作同位语:
The cave, his hiding-place is secret. 那个山洞,他藏身的地方很秘密。
His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged. 他收听收音机新闻节目的习惯仍未改变。
(三)现在分词:
现在分词既具有动词的一些特征,又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。
1、现在分词的形式:
否定式:not + 现在分词
(1)现在分词的主动语态:现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,完成式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生,常作状语。例如:
They went to the park, singing and talking. 他们边唱边说向公园走去。
Having done his homework, he played basket-ball. 做完作业,他开始打篮球。
(2)现在分词的被动语态:一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作,完成式表示发生在谓语动词之前的被动的动作。
The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。
Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake. 被告诉了好几遍,这个淘气的孩子又犯了同一个错误。
2.现在分词的句法功能:
(1)作定语:现在分词作定语,当分词单独做定语时,放在所修饰的名词前;如果是分词短语做定语 放在名词后。
In the following years he worked even harder. 在后来的几年中,他学习更努力了。
The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor's father. 正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。
现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能,如:in the following years也可用in the years that followed; the man speaking to the teacher可改为the man who is speaking to the teacher.
(2)现在分词作表语:
The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 正在这家上演的电影很棒。
The present situation is inspiring. 当前的形势鼓舞人心。
be + doing既可能表示现在进行时,也可能是现在分词做表语,它们的区别在于be + doing表示进行的动作是进行时,而表示特征时是系动词be与现在分词构成系表结构。
(3)作宾语补足语:
如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语:
see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。例如: Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗?
He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他让小汽车在门口等着。
(4)现在分词作状语:
①作时间状语:
(While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker.
在工厂工作时,他是一名先进工人。
②作原因状语:
Being a League member, he is always helping others. 由于是共青团员,他经常帮助他人。
③作方式状语,表示伴随:
He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他呆在家里,又擦又洗。
④作条件状语:
(If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time. 要是整天玩,你就会浪费宝贵的时间。
⑤作结果状语:
He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了,结果摔得粉碎。
⑥作目的状语:
He went swimming the other day. 几天前他去游泳了。
⑦作让步状语:
Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon. 虽然雨下得很大,但不久天就晴了。
⑧与逻辑主语构成独立主格:
I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my heard. 我等汽车时,一只鸟落到我头上。
All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly. 所有的票已经卖光了,他们失望地离开了。
Time permitting, we'll do another two exercises. 如果时间允许,我们将做另两个练习。
有时也可用with (without) +名词(代词宾格)+分词形式
With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 他点着灯睡着了。
⑨作独立成分:
Judging from(by) his appearance, he must be an actor. 从外表看,他一定是个演员。
Generally speaking, girls are more careful. 一般说来,女孩子更细心。
(四)过去分词:
过去分词只有一种形式:规则动词由动词原形加词尾-ed构成。不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的规则要求,要一一记住。
过去分词的句法功能:
1.过去分词作定语:
Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行。
Those elected as committee members will attend the meeting. 当选为委员的人将出席这次会。
注意当过去分词是单词时,一般用于名词前,如果是过去分词短语,就放在名词的后面。过去分词做定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。
2.过去分词作表语:
The window is broken. 窗户破了。
They were frightened at the sad sight. 他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。
注意:be + 过去分词,如果表示状态是系表结构,如果表示被动的动作是被动语态。区别:
The window is broken.(系表)
The window was broken by the boy.(被动)
有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的,不表示被动,只表示完成。如:
boiled water(开水) fallen leaves(落叶)
newly arrived goods(新到的货) the risen sun(升起的太阳)
the changed world(变了的世界)
这类过去分词有:gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。
3.过去分词作宾语补足语:
I heard the song sung several times last week. 上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。
有时过去分词做with短语中的宾语补足语:
With the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了,他们出去玩去了。
4.过去分词作状语:
Praised by the neighbors, he became the pride of his parents. 受到邻居们的表扬,他成为父母的骄傲。(表示原因)
Once seen, it can never be forgotten. 一旦它被看见,人们就忘不了。(表示时间)
Given more time, I'll be able to do it better. 如果给予更多的时间,我能做得更好。(表示条件)
Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy. 虽然被告之有危险,他仍然冒生命危险去救那个孩子。(表示让步)
我们把在句子当中起名词、形容词或副词作用,充当谓语之外的其它句子成分的动词称为非谓语动词。非谓语动词有三种形式:不定式、分词(现在分词和过去分词)、动名词。
中考中出现频率较高的知识点:
1.stop to do sth. 和stop doing sth.
“stop to do sth.” 表示停止做其它事情而去做“to do sth.”所表示的事情,可以将“to do sth.”理解成“stop”的目的状语;“stop doing sth.”表示不做“doing sth.”所表示的事情。
例如: “Stop talking. Let’s begin our class.” said the teacher. 老师说:“别说话了,让我们开始上课。”
We have kept doing our homework for a long time. Let’s stop to listen to music. 我们做家庭作业很长时间了,让我们停下来听听音乐。
2.forget to do sth.和forget doing sth. (remember to do sth. 和remember doing sth.)
“forget to do sth.”表示将来不要忘记做某事,谈的是未来的事情;“forget doing sth.”表示忘记过去应该做的事情。
例如: “Don’t forget to do your homework.” said the teacher before the class was over.
老师在下课前说:“不要忘记做家庭作业。”
“I’m sorry. I forgot doing my homework. May I hand it in this afternoon, Mr. Chen?” said Li Ming.
李明说:“对不起,我忘记做家庭作业了。我今天下午交好吗,陈老师?”
3.have sth. done.(过去分词)(让别人)做某事
例如:I had my hair cut yesterday afternoon. 我昨天下午理了发。
My computer can not work now. I must have it repaired. 我的电脑有故障了,我必须让人修好它。
4. 感官动词后接不带to的不定式或者现在分词的区别
例如:see sb. do sth.看见某人(经常)做某事 和see sb. doing sth.看见某人(正在)做某事
I often see him do exercise in the morning. 我经常在早晨看见他锻炼身体。
When I was walking in the park, I saw him drawing a picture there. 当我在公园散步的时候,我看见他正在那里画画。
5. 在主动语态中,感官动词(see, hear, feel, watch等)和使役动词(make, have, let等)要求接不带to的不定式做宾语补足语,而在被动语态里,不定式要带上to。
例如:The boss often made the workers work 10 hours a day.
The workers were made to work 10 hours a day.
She was heard to use strong language. 听说她骂人了。
6.常用的几个和不定式有关的句型:
Why not do sth? 为什么不做某事?
It takes/took sb. some time to do sth. 做某事花了某人多长时间。
It is/was +形容词+(for sb.) +to do sth. 做某事(对某人来说)怎么样。
7. 介词后面一般接动名词。同学们要特别注意介词to和不定式符号to的区别,例如下面的词组一定要记清:
prefer doing sth. to doing sth. 喜欢做……不喜欢做……
look forward to doing sth. 期待/盼望做某事
make a contribution to doing sth. 为……做出贡献
8. 现在分词和过去分词做定语的区别
A. 现在分词含有正在进行的意思,而过去分词含有被动或者已经完成的意思,如:
a developing country 发展中国家 a developed country 发达国家
boiling water 正在沸腾的水(一般情况下水温为100℃) boiled water 开水(已经烧开的水,水温可以依然很高,也可以是凉白开)
a boy named Jim 一个叫Jim的男孩
B. 有些动词的现在分词和过去分词都具有形容词特征,但是它们的意思有区别。它们的-ing形式往往用来说明事物的特征;他们的-ed形式表示被动的意思,用来说明人的情况。
I am interested in this interesting story. 我对这个有趣的故事感兴趣。
I am moved at the moving sight. 我被这动人的情景感动了。
They were amazed at the amazing facts. 他们对那些令人惊异的事实感到惊奇。
动名词既具有动词的一些特征,又具有名词的句法功能。
1.动名词的形式:
否定式:not + 动名词
(1)一般式:
Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。
(2)被动式:
He came to the party without being invited.他未被邀请就来到了晚会。
(3)完成式:
We remembered having seen the film. 我们记得看过这部电影。
(4)完成被动式:
He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old. 他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。
(5)否定式:not + 动名词
I regret not following his advice. 我后悔没听他的劝告。
(6)复合结构:物主代词(或名词所有格)+ 动名词
He suggested our trying it once again. 他建议我们再试一次。
His not knowing English troubled him a lot. 他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦。
2.动名词的句法功能:
(1)作主语:
Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗读是很有好处的。
Collecting stamps is interesting. 集邮很有趣。
当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语。
It's no use quarrelling.争吵是没用的。
(2)作表语:
In the ant city, the queen's job is laying eggs. 在蚂蚁王国,蚁后的工作是产卵。
(3)作宾语:
They haven't finished building the dam. 他们还没有建好大坝。
We have to prevent the air from being polluted. 我们必须阻止空气被污染。
注意动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语,如上面两个例句。此外,动名词作宾语时,若跟有宾语补足语,则常用形式宾语it,例如:
We found it no good making fun of others. 我们发现取笑他人不好。
要记住如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语:
enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid(避免), excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit(承认),deny(否认), mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk(冒险), appreciate(感激), be busy, be worth, feel like, can't stand, can't help(情不自禁地), think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent…(from),keep …from, stop…(from),protect…from, set about, be engaged in, spend…(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like
(4)作定语:
He can't walk without a walking-stick. 他没有拐杖不能走路。
Is there a swimming pool in your school? 你们学校有游泳池吗?
(5)作同位语:
The cave, his hiding-place is secret. 那个山洞,他藏身的地方很秘密。
His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged. 他收听收音机新闻节目的习惯仍未改变。
(三)现在分词:
现在分词既具有动词的一些特征,又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。
1、现在分词的形式:
否定式:not + 现在分词
(1)现在分词的主动语态:现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,完成式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生,常作状语。例如:
They went to the park, singing and talking. 他们边唱边说向公园走去。
Having done his homework, he played basket-ball. 做完作业,他开始打篮球。
(2)现在分词的被动语态:一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作,完成式表示发生在谓语动词之前的被动的动作。
The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。
Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake. 被告诉了好几遍,这个淘气的孩子又犯了同一个错误。
2.现在分词的句法功能:
(1)作定语:现在分词作定语,当分词单独做定语时,放在所修饰的名词前;如果是分词短语做定语 放在名词后。
In the following years he worked even harder. 在后来的几年中,他学习更努力了。
The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor's father. 正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。
现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能,如:in the following years也可用in the years that followed; the man speaking to the teacher可改为the man who is speaking to the teacher.
(2)现在分词作表语:
The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 正在这家上演的电影很棒。
The present situation is inspiring. 当前的形势鼓舞人心。
be + doing既可能表示现在进行时,也可能是现在分词做表语,它们的区别在于be + doing表示进行的动作是进行时,而表示特征时是系动词be与现在分词构成系表结构。
(3)作宾语补足语:
如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语:
see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。例如: Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗?
He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他让小汽车在门口等着。
(4)现在分词作状语:
①作时间状语:
(While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker.
在工厂工作时,他是一名先进工人。
②作原因状语:
Being a League member, he is always helping others. 由于是共青团员,他经常帮助他人。
③作方式状语,表示伴随:
He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他呆在家里,又擦又洗。
④作条件状语:
(If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time. 要是整天玩,你就会浪费宝贵的时间。
⑤作结果状语:
He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了,结果摔得粉碎。
⑥作目的状语:
He went swimming the other day. 几天前他去游泳了。
⑦作让步状语:
Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon. 虽然雨下得很大,但不久天就晴了。
⑧与逻辑主语构成独立主格:
I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my heard. 我等汽车时,一只鸟落到我头上。
All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly. 所有的票已经卖光了,他们失望地离开了。
Time permitting, we'll do another two exercises. 如果时间允许,我们将做另两个练习。
有时也可用with (without) +名词(代词宾格)+分词形式
With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 他点着灯睡着了。
⑨作独立成分:
Judging from(by) his appearance, he must be an actor. 从外表看,他一定是个演员。
Generally speaking, girls are more careful. 一般说来,女孩子更细心。
(四)过去分词:
过去分词只有一种形式:规则动词由动词原形加词尾-ed构成。不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的规则要求,要一一记住。
过去分词的句法功能:
1.过去分词作定语:
Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行。
Those elected as committee members will attend the meeting. 当选为委员的人将出席这次会。
注意当过去分词是单词时,一般用于名词前,如果是过去分词短语,就放在名词的后面。过去分词做定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。
2.过去分词作表语:
The window is broken. 窗户破了。
They were frightened at the sad sight. 他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。
注意:be + 过去分词,如果表示状态是系表结构,如果表示被动的动作是被动语态。区别:
The window is broken.(系表)
The window was broken by the boy.(被动)
有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的,不表示被动,只表示完成。如:
boiled water(开水) fallen leaves(落叶)
newly arrived goods(新到的货) the risen sun(升起的太阳)
the changed world(变了的世界)
这类过去分词有:gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。
3.过去分词作宾语补足语:
I heard the song sung several times last week. 上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。
有时过去分词做with短语中的宾语补足语:
With the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了,他们出去玩去了。
4.过去分词作状语:
Praised by the neighbors, he became the pride of his parents. 受到邻居们的表扬,他成为父母的骄傲。(表示原因)
Once seen, it can never be forgotten. 一旦它被看见,人们就忘不了。(表示时间)
Given more time, I'll be able to do it better. 如果给予更多的时间,我能做得更好。(表示条件)
Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy. 虽然被告之有危险,他仍然冒生命危险去救那个孩子。(表示让步)
我们把在句子当中起名词、形容词或副词作用,充当谓语之外的其它句子成分的动词称为非谓语动词。非谓语动词有三种形式:不定式、分词(现在分词和过去分词)、动名词。
中考中出现频率较高的知识点:
1.stop to do sth. 和stop doing sth.
“stop to do sth.” 表示停止做其它事情而去做“to do sth.”所表示的事情,可以将“to do sth.”理解成“stop”的目的状语;“stop doing sth.”表示不做“doing sth.”所表示的事情。
例如: “Stop talking. Let’s begin our class.” said the teacher. 老师说:“别说话了,让我们开始上课。”
We have kept doing our homework for a long time. Let’s stop to listen to music. 我们做家庭作业很长时间了,让我们停下来听听音乐。
2.forget to do sth.和forget doing sth. (remember to do sth. 和remember doing sth.)
“forget to do sth.”表示将来不要忘记做某事,谈的是未来的事情;“forget doing sth.”表示忘记过去应该做的事情。
例如: “Don’t forget to do your homework.” said the teacher before the class was over.
老师在下课前说:“不要忘记做家庭作业。”
“I’m sorry. I forgot doing my homework. May I hand it in this afternoon, Mr. Chen?” said Li Ming.
李明说:“对不起,我忘记做家庭作业了。我今天下午交好吗,陈老师?”
3.have sth. done.(过去分词)(让别人)做某事
例如:I had my hair cut yesterday afternoon. 我昨天下午理了发。
My computer can not work now. I must have it repaired. 我的电脑有故障了,我必须让人修好它。
4. 感官动词后接不带to的不定式或者现在分词的区别
例如:see sb. do sth.看见某人(经常)做某事 和see sb. doing sth.看见某人(正在)做某事
I often see him do exercise in the morning. 我经常在早晨看见他锻炼身体。
When I was walking in the park, I saw him drawing a picture there. 当我在公园散步的时候,我看见他正在那里画画。
5. 在主动语态中,感官动词(see, hear, feel, watch等)和使役动词(make, have, let等)要求接不带to的不定式做宾语补足语,而在被动语态里,不定式要带上to。
例如:The boss often made the workers work 10 hours a day.
The workers were made to work 10 hours a day.
She was heard to use strong language. 听说她骂人了。
6.常用的几个和不定式有关的句型:
Why not do sth? 为什么不做某事?
It takes/took sb. some time to do sth. 做某事花了某人多长时间。
It is/was +形容词+(for sb.) +to do sth. 做某事(对某人来说)怎么样。
7. 介词后面一般接动名词。同学们要特别注意介词to和不定式符号to的区别,例如下面的词组一定要记清:
prefer doing sth. to doing sth. 喜欢做……不喜欢做……
look forward to doing sth. 期待/盼望做某事
make a contribution to doing sth. 为……做出贡献
8. 现在分词和过去分词做定语的区别
A. 现在分词含有正在进行的意思,而过去分词含有被动或者已经完成的意思,如:
a developing country 发展中国家 a developed country 发达国家
boiling water 正在沸腾的水(一般情况下水温为100℃) boiled water 开水(已经烧开的水,水温可以依然很高,也可以是凉白开)
a boy named Jim 一个叫Jim的男孩
B. 有些动词的现在分词和过去分词都具有形容词特征,但是它们的意思有区别。它们的-ing形式往往用来说明事物的特征;他们的-ed形式表示被动的意思,用来说明人的情况。
I am interested in this interesting story. 我对这个有趣的故事感兴趣。
I am moved at the moving sight. 我被这动人的情景感动了。
They were amazed at the amazing facts. 他们对那些令人惊异的事实感到惊奇。