1.Their value bears no relation to the form, physical or otherwise, in which these claims are recorded. (are recorded能翻成记录在案吗？前面上下文谈的是金融资产的属性) 2.The claim that the holder of a financial asset has may be either a fixed dollar amount or a varying, or residual, amount. (这的claim能不能翻成金融资产的收益权或直接就翻成金融资产的收益。 整句下来就是金融资产持有者的收益数额可能是固定的美元或可变的，也可能是剩余的。Residual怎么翻合适) 3.Preferred stock, for example, is an equity instrument that entitles the investor to receive a fixed dollar amount. This payment is contingent, however, and due only after payments to debt instrument holders are made. （第一句是个语境不用翻，这里的contingent就翻为依情况而定的， 这的due是到期吗? 相当于mature ？第二句整句意思是？） 4.By cash flow, we mean the stream of cash payments over time. (over time能不能翻成一定时期内) 5.An equity instrument (also called a residual claim) obligates the issuer of the financial asset to pay the holder an amount based on earnings, if any, after holders of debt instruments have been paid. 6.The second is the risk that the issuer or borrower will default on the obligation. （default on the obligation就是不履行责任？句中就是不履行责任的风险？）7.The focus here is on derivative instruments where the underlying asset is a financial asset, or some financial benchmark such as a stock index or an interest rate, a credit spread, or foreign exchange. Moreover, their are other types of derivative instruments that are basically “packages” of either forward contracts or option contracts. These include swaps, caps and floors. (这的underlying asset，a credit spread,swaps, caps and floors什么意思？)
2，Residual，残余的，有一定折损的
3，This payment is contingent, however, and due only after payments to debt instrument holders are made.
这项支付是不必然的（视情况而定的），而且只有在偿付了债务证券持有人之后才会发生。
due可以翻成到期了，反正就是该付钱了的意思
4，over time：随着时间的推移
6，正确
7，你说不用管了是吧
有问题继续hi我追问
第5句if any, after holders of debt instruments have been paid. 这里支付的是债务性工具的收益？这样翻你看看 权益性工具（又称作剩余性所偿权）要求金融资产的发行者按照收益向其持有者承担发放收益的义务，即使持有者已获得了债务性工具的收益。
追答if any 如果有的话
这里是个先后顺序，如果有的话，要先支付债务性证券所有人，然后才支付收益性证券持有人，所以后者被叫做residual claim，residual就是剩余的、残余的，就是因为偿付次序在后面。
