涉及GMAT 希望高手解答 谢
ããæç个人è§è§£æ¯ï¼ä¸å人群å好ã
ããä¸é¢ææ¥è¯´ä¸ä¸ï¼ä¸ºä»ä¹ç»åºâä¸å人群å好âè¿æ ·çåçï¼ä»¥åâä¸å人群å好âçå«ä¹ã
ããé¦å ï¼demographic表示ä¸äººå£æå ³çï¼bias表示âå¾æçâãâä¸åççâï¼å¦æè´¬ç¨å°±æâåé¢âãâä¸å ¬æ£âï¼å¦æè¤ç¨åæâåç±âãâç±å¥½âãè¿é对biasç解éæ¯ä¸ºäºæ¹ä¾¿è¯»è å¯¹å ¶å«ä¹çç解ï¼ä¸ååè¿ä¸æ¥çèæ®ã
ããéç¹æ¯ï¼demographicè·biasæ¾å¨ä¸èµ·æ¶ï¼ç¨æ¥è¡¨ç¤ºä»ä¹å¢ï¼
ããæ们ä»âæ以è´ç¨âå ¥æï¼ä»¥âThe demographic bias of email as a survey method in a pediatric emergency populationâåâAn exploration of demographic bias in a questionnaire survey of hearing-impaired children: Implications for comparisons of children with and without cochlear implantsâ两ç¯è®ºæ为ä¾ï¼å¯¹demographic biasçå«ä¹è¿è¡æ£åº¦ï¼
ããåè å¨æè¦ä¸æåºï¼Email has been considered as a communication medium between patients and clinicians in pediatric emergency departments, but the demographic bias involved in using email has not been fully explored. We developed a paper based survey to explore access, willingness to participate and the demographic bias of email within our parent population.å¨ç»è®ºä¸ç»§ç»è¯´ï¼We have demonstrated a degree of demographic bias in email access rates, negatively affecting those individuals with lower income, less employment, and lower education. Email based surveys directed at parents in pediatric emergency departments should include questions on income, employment and education in order to permit those who analyze the data to correct for these variables. More research is needed to confirm these findings.æç¼ä¸ä¸æ¤å¤demographic bias大æå°±æ¯ï¼äººä»¬æ¶å ¥ãå°±ä¸ãåæè²æ°´å¹³ä¸åï¼å¯¹é®å·è°æ¥é®ä»¶çååºä¹æ¯ä¸åçã
ããåè å¨æè¦ä¸æè¿°å¦ä¸ï¼
ããOBJECTIVES:Responders to questionnaire surveys, who are self-selecting, are generally accepted to be unrepresentative of the total available population, at least in demographic terms. Since demographic and other variables are known to be predictive of outcome, it is important to understand the extent of that unrepresentativeness when using survey data to report comparisons of outcome. This paper aims (i) to evaluate the extent to which a sample of hearing-impaired children surveyed by postal questionnaire was representative of the population of hearing-impaired children in the United Kingdom (UK), and (ii) to identify demographic differences between children with and without cochlear implants.
ããMETHODS:Data from a previously reported total ascertainment of hearing-impaired children in the UK which identified 17,160 with permanent bilateral hearing impairment >40 dB HL were compared with data collected by postal questionnaire for a sample of 3224 children, including 527 with cochlear implants.
ããRESULTS:The sampled children were similar to the ascertained population in gender, age at onset of hearing impairment, and number of additional disabilities, but came from more recent birth cohorts and from more affluent families. Compared with profoundly impaired non-implanted children, implanted children had greater degrees of hearing loss, fewer additional disabilities, a later age of onset, were younger, came from more affluent families, were more likely to use spoken language at home, and to be taught using spoken language only.
ããCONCLUSIONS:Comparisons of outcomes and generalization of results require adjustment for relevant variables to avoid confounding estimates of the effectiveness of interventions including cochlear implantation.
ããé¤äºæ é¢ï¼åè å¨æè¦ä¸å¹¶æ²¡æå次使ç¨demographic biasè¿ä¸ªè¯ç»ï¼ä½æ¯å¨ç®çä¸æ®µä¸æåºï¼é®å·è°æ¥çååºè ä¸è¬ä¸è½ä»£è¡¨å ¨é¨ç¾¤ä½ï¼å³é®å·è°æ¥çç®æ 群ä½ï¼ï¼ç®çä¸å°±æ¯è¦ç¨æ ·æ¬æ¨åæ»ä½ã该æå°æ¬æ¬¡è°æ¥æ°æ®ä¸ä¹åçæ°æ®è¿è¡å¯¹æ¯ï¼å¨ç»æä¸æ®µä¸æåºä¸åï¼å¹¶å¨ç»è®ºä¸æ®µä¸å¼ºè°è¦è°æ´ç¸å ³åé以åå°å¹²æ°ã
ããå¦æè¦è¯´å¨åè ä¸demographic biasæå³çä»ä¹ï¼å¤§æ¦æ¯ç±æ ·æ¬æ¨åæ»ä½æ¶äººå£å ç´ æé æç误差å§ï¼è¯´å°è¿éï¼ä¼¼ä¹å¾é¾ç»åºä¸ä¸ªç¡®åçå®ä¹ï¼ä½æ¯ä»ç¶ä¸å½±åæ们å»ç解è¿ä¸ªè¯ç»ï¼å¨ç¼è¾ä¸è¿°çæ¡æ¶ï¼ä¸ç±èªä¸»å°æ³å°äºä¸ä¸ªç¾å½æ»ç»å¤§éæ¶çç»è®¡å¦æ äºï¼
ãã1936å¹´ï¼æ°ä¸»å äººå °ç»ä¸æ¶ä»»æ»ç»ç½æ¯ç¦ç«éä¸å±æ»ç»ããæå¦ææãæå¿æ¿æ äºéæ é¢æµçä»»å¡ããæå¦ææãæ¾å¨1920å¹´ã1924å¹´ã1928å¹´ã1932å¹´è¿ç»4å±ç¾å½æ»ç»å¤§éä¸æåå°é¢æµæ»ç»å½å±ã1936å¹´ï¼ãæå¦ææãå次è¿è¡æ°æè°æ¥ï¼ä¸åäºåå 次çè°æ¥ï¼è¿æ¬¡è°æ¥æèå´æå±å¾æ´å¹¿ãå½æ¶å¤§å®¶é½ç¸ä¿¡ï¼æ°æ®è¶å¤§ï¼é¢æµè¶åããæå¦ææãå¯åº1000ä¸ä»½è°æ¥é®å·ï¼è¦çå½æ¶ååä¹ä¸çéæ°ï¼æç»å¨ä¸¤ä¸ªå¤æå æ¶å°äºæ人ç240ä¸ä»½åæ§ï¼å¨ç»è®¡å®æ以åï¼ãæå¦ææã宣å¸ï¼è¾å°å¼é·å¾·å °ç»å°ä¼ä»¥55æ¯41çä¼å¿ï¼å»è´¥å¯å °å æ·ç½æ¯ç¦èµ¢å¾å¤§éï¼å¦å¤4%çéæ°åä¼é¶æ£å°æç»ç¬¬ä¸åé人ãç¶èï¼çå®çé举ç»æä¸ãæå¦ææãçé¢æµå¤§ç¸å¾åºï¼ç½æ¯ç¦ä»¥61æ¯37çååæ§ä¼å¿è·èã让ãæå¦ææãè¸ä¸æä¸ä½çæ¯ï¼æ°æ°æè°æ¥çå¼åè çæ´æ®ä» ä» éè¿ä¸åºè§æ¨¡å°å¾å¤çé®å·ââä¸ä¸ª3000人çé®å·è°æ¥ï¼å¾åºäºåç¡®å¾å¤çé¢æµç»æï¼ç½æ¯ç¦å°ç¨³æèå¸ã3000人âå°âæ½æ ·ï¼å± ç¶é转240ä¸çâ大âè°æ¥ï¼å¨äºç§å¦å°æ½æ ·ï¼ä¿è¯æ½æ ·çéæºæ§ï¼æ ¹æ®éæ°çä¸åç¹å¾ï¼æ ¹æ®èä¸ãå¹´é¾ãè¤è²çå¨3000人çæ¯éï¼åç¡®å®çµè¯è®¿é®ãé®ä»¶è®¿é®åè¡å¤´è°æ¥çåç§æ¹å¼æå¨æ¯ä¾ããæå¦ææãç失败å¨äºï¼åæ ·åå¨ä¸¥éåå·®ï¼å®çè°æ¥å¯¹è±¡ä¸»è¦éå®ä¸ºå®èªå·±ç订æ·ï¼å¤éä¸å¨ä¸ä¸é¶å±ï¼æ ·æ¬ä»ä¸å¼å§å°±æ¯æåå·®çï¼sample biasï¼ï¼èä¸å °ç»çæ¯æè æ´ä¹äºå¯åé®å·ç»æï¼è¿ä½¿å¾è°æ¥çé误æ´è¿äºä¸æ¥ãè¿ä¸¤ç§åå·®çç»åï¼æ³¨å®äºã读è ææãè°æ¥ç失败ã
ããéè¿ä¸é¢ä¸¤ç¯è®ºæä¸ä¸ä¸ªç»è®¡å¦å°æ äºï¼å¦æè¦ç»demographic biasä¸ä¸ªå®ä¹ï¼é£ä¹å®æ¯æ ·æ¬åå·®çä¸ç§ï¼ç±ä¸å人群æ对åºçä¸åå好对è°æ¥é®å·çå½±å使å¾æè·å¾çæ ·æ¬ä¸è½ä»£è¡¨æ»ä½ã
ããæç¼æä¸ä¸ªè¯ï¼å°±æ¯âä¸å人群å好âå¦ã
ããæ¬äººæ¯äººå£å¦ä¸ä¸ï¼å¯¹ç»è®¡å¦ç¸å ³ç¥è¯ä½¿ç¨ææä¸å¯¹çå°æ¹ï¼è¿è¯·ç»è®¡å¦ç¸å ³ä¸ä¸äººå£«ææ£ã
ããä¸é¢ææ¥è¯´ä¸ä¸ï¼ä¸ºä»ä¹ç»åºâä¸å人群å好âè¿æ ·çåçï¼ä»¥åâä¸å人群å好âçå«ä¹ã
ããé¦å ï¼demographic表示ä¸äººå£æå ³çï¼bias表示âå¾æçâãâä¸åççâï¼å¦æè´¬ç¨å°±æâåé¢âãâä¸å ¬æ£âï¼å¦æè¤ç¨åæâåç±âãâç±å¥½âãè¿é对biasç解éæ¯ä¸ºäºæ¹ä¾¿è¯»è å¯¹å ¶å«ä¹çç解ï¼ä¸ååè¿ä¸æ¥çèæ®ã
ããéç¹æ¯ï¼demographicè·biasæ¾å¨ä¸èµ·æ¶ï¼ç¨æ¥è¡¨ç¤ºä»ä¹å¢ï¼
ããæ们ä»âæ以è´ç¨âå ¥æï¼ä»¥âThe demographic bias of email as a survey method in a pediatric emergency populationâåâAn exploration of demographic bias in a questionnaire survey of hearing-impaired children: Implications for comparisons of children with and without cochlear implantsâ两ç¯è®ºæ为ä¾ï¼å¯¹demographic biasçå«ä¹è¿è¡æ£åº¦ï¼
ããåè å¨æè¦ä¸æåºï¼Email has been considered as a communication medium between patients and clinicians in pediatric emergency departments, but the demographic bias involved in using email has not been fully explored. We developed a paper based survey to explore access, willingness to participate and the demographic bias of email within our parent population.å¨ç»è®ºä¸ç»§ç»è¯´ï¼We have demonstrated a degree of demographic bias in email access rates, negatively affecting those individuals with lower income, less employment, and lower education. Email based surveys directed at parents in pediatric emergency departments should include questions on income, employment and education in order to permit those who analyze the data to correct for these variables. More research is needed to confirm these findings.æç¼ä¸ä¸æ¤å¤demographic bias大æå°±æ¯ï¼äººä»¬æ¶å ¥ãå°±ä¸ãåæè²æ°´å¹³ä¸åï¼å¯¹é®å·è°æ¥é®ä»¶çååºä¹æ¯ä¸åçã
ããåè å¨æè¦ä¸æè¿°å¦ä¸ï¼
ããOBJECTIVES:Responders to questionnaire surveys, who are self-selecting, are generally accepted to be unrepresentative of the total available population, at least in demographic terms. Since demographic and other variables are known to be predictive of outcome, it is important to understand the extent of that unrepresentativeness when using survey data to report comparisons of outcome. This paper aims (i) to evaluate the extent to which a sample of hearing-impaired children surveyed by postal questionnaire was representative of the population of hearing-impaired children in the United Kingdom (UK), and (ii) to identify demographic differences between children with and without cochlear implants.
ããMETHODS:Data from a previously reported total ascertainment of hearing-impaired children in the UK which identified 17,160 with permanent bilateral hearing impairment >40 dB HL were compared with data collected by postal questionnaire for a sample of 3224 children, including 527 with cochlear implants.
ããRESULTS:The sampled children were similar to the ascertained population in gender, age at onset of hearing impairment, and number of additional disabilities, but came from more recent birth cohorts and from more affluent families. Compared with profoundly impaired non-implanted children, implanted children had greater degrees of hearing loss, fewer additional disabilities, a later age of onset, were younger, came from more affluent families, were more likely to use spoken language at home, and to be taught using spoken language only.
ããCONCLUSIONS:Comparisons of outcomes and generalization of results require adjustment for relevant variables to avoid confounding estimates of the effectiveness of interventions including cochlear implantation.
ããé¤äºæ é¢ï¼åè å¨æè¦ä¸å¹¶æ²¡æå次使ç¨demographic biasè¿ä¸ªè¯ç»ï¼ä½æ¯å¨ç®çä¸æ®µä¸æåºï¼é®å·è°æ¥çååºè ä¸è¬ä¸è½ä»£è¡¨å ¨é¨ç¾¤ä½ï¼å³é®å·è°æ¥çç®æ 群ä½ï¼ï¼ç®çä¸å°±æ¯è¦ç¨æ ·æ¬æ¨åæ»ä½ã该æå°æ¬æ¬¡è°æ¥æ°æ®ä¸ä¹åçæ°æ®è¿è¡å¯¹æ¯ï¼å¨ç»æä¸æ®µä¸æåºä¸åï¼å¹¶å¨ç»è®ºä¸æ®µä¸å¼ºè°è¦è°æ´ç¸å ³åé以åå°å¹²æ°ã
ããå¦æè¦è¯´å¨åè ä¸demographic biasæå³çä»ä¹ï¼å¤§æ¦æ¯ç±æ ·æ¬æ¨åæ»ä½æ¶äººå£å ç´ æé æç误差å§ï¼è¯´å°è¿éï¼ä¼¼ä¹å¾é¾ç»åºä¸ä¸ªç¡®åçå®ä¹ï¼ä½æ¯ä»ç¶ä¸å½±åæ们å»ç解è¿ä¸ªè¯ç»ï¼å¨ç¼è¾ä¸è¿°çæ¡æ¶ï¼ä¸ç±èªä¸»å°æ³å°äºä¸ä¸ªç¾å½æ»ç»å¤§éæ¶çç»è®¡å¦æ äºï¼
ãã1936å¹´ï¼æ°ä¸»å äººå °ç»ä¸æ¶ä»»æ»ç»ç½æ¯ç¦ç«éä¸å±æ»ç»ããæå¦ææãæå¿æ¿æ äºéæ é¢æµçä»»å¡ããæå¦ææãæ¾å¨1920å¹´ã1924å¹´ã1928å¹´ã1932å¹´è¿ç»4å±ç¾å½æ»ç»å¤§éä¸æåå°é¢æµæ»ç»å½å±ã1936å¹´ï¼ãæå¦ææãå次è¿è¡æ°æè°æ¥ï¼ä¸åäºåå 次çè°æ¥ï¼è¿æ¬¡è°æ¥æèå´æå±å¾æ´å¹¿ãå½æ¶å¤§å®¶é½ç¸ä¿¡ï¼æ°æ®è¶å¤§ï¼é¢æµè¶åããæå¦ææãå¯åº1000ä¸ä»½è°æ¥é®å·ï¼è¦çå½æ¶ååä¹ä¸çéæ°ï¼æç»å¨ä¸¤ä¸ªå¤æå æ¶å°äºæ人ç240ä¸ä»½åæ§ï¼å¨ç»è®¡å®æ以åï¼ãæå¦ææã宣å¸ï¼è¾å°å¼é·å¾·å °ç»å°ä¼ä»¥55æ¯41çä¼å¿ï¼å»è´¥å¯å °å æ·ç½æ¯ç¦èµ¢å¾å¤§éï¼å¦å¤4%çéæ°åä¼é¶æ£å°æç»ç¬¬ä¸åé人ãç¶èï¼çå®çé举ç»æä¸ãæå¦ææãçé¢æµå¤§ç¸å¾åºï¼ç½æ¯ç¦ä»¥61æ¯37çååæ§ä¼å¿è·èã让ãæå¦ææãè¸ä¸æä¸ä½çæ¯ï¼æ°æ°æè°æ¥çå¼åè çæ´æ®ä» ä» éè¿ä¸åºè§æ¨¡å°å¾å¤çé®å·ââä¸ä¸ª3000人çé®å·è°æ¥ï¼å¾åºäºåç¡®å¾å¤çé¢æµç»æï¼ç½æ¯ç¦å°ç¨³æèå¸ã3000人âå°âæ½æ ·ï¼å± ç¶é转240ä¸çâ大âè°æ¥ï¼å¨äºç§å¦å°æ½æ ·ï¼ä¿è¯æ½æ ·çéæºæ§ï¼æ ¹æ®éæ°çä¸åç¹å¾ï¼æ ¹æ®èä¸ãå¹´é¾ãè¤è²çå¨3000人çæ¯éï¼åç¡®å®çµè¯è®¿é®ãé®ä»¶è®¿é®åè¡å¤´è°æ¥çåç§æ¹å¼æå¨æ¯ä¾ããæå¦ææãç失败å¨äºï¼åæ ·åå¨ä¸¥éåå·®ï¼å®çè°æ¥å¯¹è±¡ä¸»è¦éå®ä¸ºå®èªå·±ç订æ·ï¼å¤éä¸å¨ä¸ä¸é¶å±ï¼æ ·æ¬ä»ä¸å¼å§å°±æ¯æåå·®çï¼sample biasï¼ï¼èä¸å °ç»çæ¯æè æ´ä¹äºå¯åé®å·ç»æï¼è¿ä½¿å¾è°æ¥çé误æ´è¿äºä¸æ¥ãè¿ä¸¤ç§åå·®çç»åï¼æ³¨å®äºã读è ææãè°æ¥ç失败ã
ããéè¿ä¸é¢ä¸¤ç¯è®ºæä¸ä¸ä¸ªç»è®¡å¦å°æ äºï¼å¦æè¦ç»demographic biasä¸ä¸ªå®ä¹ï¼é£ä¹å®æ¯æ ·æ¬åå·®çä¸ç§ï¼ç±ä¸å人群æ对åºçä¸åå好对è°æ¥é®å·çå½±å使å¾æè·å¾çæ ·æ¬ä¸è½ä»£è¡¨æ»ä½ã
ããæç¼æä¸ä¸ªè¯ï¼å°±æ¯âä¸å人群å好âå¦ã
ããæ¬äººæ¯äººå£å¦ä¸ä¸ï¼å¯¹ç»è®¡å¦ç¸å ³ç¥è¯ä½¿ç¨ææä¸å¯¹çå°æ¹ï¼è¿è¯·ç»è®¡å¦ç¸å ³ä¸ä¸äººå£«ææ£ã
温馨提示:答案为网友推荐,仅供参考
第1个回答 2010-03-19
人口偏见