要英文的 400字
楼上那段是美国历史简介，。你把这个用谷歌在线翻译翻译一下就行：
首先美国原来是英国的殖民地,国民大多是欧洲的移民,其中又以清教徒为主,所以从一开始就是按照近代资本主义的模式进行发展的,而没有经历过之前的社会阶段尤其是封建社会阶段,可以说一开始就是按照当时世界上最先进的模式来发展的,一直在快车道上而且没有沉重的历史包袱. 其次美国的地理条件得天独厚.他被两个大洋所包围,可以说是天然屏障.周围也没有真正意义上的大国,对他构不成威胁.而且美洲大陆资源丰富,也是他发展的重要原因. 再就是一系列的历史机遇.美国独立后除了一场南北战争外本土就再没发生过战争,和平稳定的局面为国内经济发展创造了条件,同时也吸引了欧洲大量的剩余资本.同时紧紧抓住了三次工业科技革命的机会,实现了长期的高速增长.另外两次世界大战,美国都是最后参战的大国,而且战场都在海外,不仅本土没有受到破坏,相反还将势力触角伸到了海外,参战前利用中立的地位获得大量军火订单大发战争财,参战后则利用战争刺激了本国经济的增长.所以世界大战不仅没削弱美国反而成为了美国发展的黄金机会. 在现在,美国的今天的繁荣与强大，或者说拥有强大的经济和军事力量，完全是得益于它的制度。这种制度最大程度地减少和避免了因领导人的失误对国家造成的损害，最大程度的保障和落实了每个公民充分享有的公民权利，使他们敢想敢言，使他们真正感到自己是国家的主人，使他们发自内心地对这个国家充满感激之情，并认为这个国家值得他们去捍卫。 这种制度吸引了来自全世界各国的精英和杰出人才为其服务。比如，爱因斯坦本来是德国科学家，可是，因为他祖国的纳粹政治迫害，被迫来到了美国，结果成了“美国科学家”。我们现在所用的电脑芯片的生产商，英特尔公司的创始人葛罗夫就是从匈牙利逃到美国的犹太人。类似的例子太多了，许多为美国作出杰出贡献的人恰恰都不是美国人。有了庞大的人才，还怕成就不了强大的经济军事实力吗？ 吸引全世界各行各业人才为美国服务的正是它的民主制度和不拘一格降人才和鼓励创新的体制，同时从法律上保障人民思想自由，百家争鸣。不像某些国家那样，压制言论思想自由，用统治者的一种思想来禁锢人民，这样只能使一个国家和社会窒息，丧失掉创新的动力，就象晚清时期的中国一样。 美国领世界之先的原因是什么？换一个角度，美国称霸世界的资本或说财产是什么？我看到一种提法，任何社会都由三方面构成，就是hard ware（硬件）、software(软件）和people ware（人）。我的理解是，“国家硬件 ”主要指自然资源、生态环境，以及物质层面的设施、装备、技术条件等；“国家软件”主要指国家一切领域的规则系统、运行机制；而people ware主要是指人的精神信仰、价值观念和文明素质。这三个方面相互联系，也就是一个社会的物质资本、社会资本和人力资本。托克维尔在《论美国的民主》中曾经谈到：“有助于美国维护民主制度的原因有三：自然环境、法制和民情，”“按贡献对它们分级…… 自然环境不如法制，而法制又不如民情。”自然环境是一种物质资本，法制是一种社会资本，民情则是人力资本。托克维尔说：“美国的联邦宪法，好像能工巧匠创造的一件只能使发明人成名发财，而落到他人之手就变成一无用处的美丽艺术品。”墨西哥照搬美国宪法，并未使墨西哥富强，原因就在于“缺乏民主的民情”。
首先美国原来是英国的殖民地,国民大多是欧洲的移民,其中又以清教徒为主,所以从一开始就是按照近代资本主义的模式进行发展的,而没有经历过之前的社会阶段尤其是封建社会阶段,可以说一开始就是按照当时世界上最先进的模式来发展的,一直在快车道上而且没有沉重的历史包袱. 其次美国的地理条件得天独厚.他被两个大洋所包围,可以说是天然屏障.周围也没有真正意义上的大国,对他构不成威胁.而且美洲大陆资源丰富,也是他发展的重要原因. 再就是一系列的历史机遇.美国独立后除了一场南北战争外本土就再没发生过战争,和平稳定的局面为国内经济发展创造了条件,同时也吸引了欧洲大量的剩余资本.同时紧紧抓住了三次工业科技革命的机会,实现了长期的高速增长.另外两次世界大战,美国都是最后参战的大国,而且战场都在海外,不仅本土没有受到破坏,相反还将势力触角伸到了海外,参战前利用中立的地位获得大量军火订单大发战争财,参战后则利用战争刺激了本国经济的增长.所以世界大战不仅没削弱美国反而成为了美国发展的黄金机会. 在现在,美国的今天的繁荣与强大，或者说拥有强大的经济和军事力量，完全是得益于它的制度。这种制度最大程度地减少和避免了因领导人的失误对国家造成的损害，最大程度的保障和落实了每个公民充分享有的公民权利，使他们敢想敢言，使他们真正感到自己是国家的主人，使他们发自内心地对这个国家充满感激之情，并认为这个国家值得他们去捍卫。 这种制度吸引了来自全世界各国的精英和杰出人才为其服务。比如，爱因斯坦本来是德国科学家，可是，因为他祖国的纳粹政治迫害，被迫来到了美国，结果成了“美国科学家”。我们现在所用的电脑芯片的生产商，英特尔公司的创始人葛罗夫就是从匈牙利逃到美国的犹太人。类似的例子太多了，许多为美国作出杰出贡献的人恰恰都不是美国人。有了庞大的人才，还怕成就不了强大的经济军事实力吗？ 吸引全世界各行各业人才为美国服务的正是它的民主制度和不拘一格降人才和鼓励创新的体制，同时从法律上保障人民思想自由，百家争鸣。不像某些国家那样，压制言论思想自由，用统治者的一种思想来禁锢人民，这样只能使一个国家和社会窒息，丧失掉创新的动力，就象晚清时期的中国一样。 美国领世界之先的原因是什么？换一个角度，美国称霸世界的资本或说财产是什么？我看到一种提法，任何社会都由三方面构成，就是hard ware（硬件）、software(软件）和people ware（人）。我的理解是，“国家硬件 ”主要指自然资源、生态环境，以及物质层面的设施、装备、技术条件等；“国家软件”主要指国家一切领域的规则系统、运行机制；而people ware主要是指人的精神信仰、价值观念和文明素质。这三个方面相互联系，也就是一个社会的物质资本、社会资本和人力资本。托克维尔在《论美国的民主》中曾经谈到：“有助于美国维护民主制度的原因有三：自然环境、法制和民情，”“按贡献对它们分级…… 自然环境不如法制，而法制又不如民情。”自然环境是一种物质资本，法制是一种社会资本，民情则是人力资本。托克维尔说：“美国的联邦宪法，好像能工巧匠创造的一件只能使发明人成名发财，而落到他人之手就变成一无用处的美丽艺术品。”墨西哥照搬美国宪法，并未使墨西哥富强，原因就在于“缺乏民主的民情”。
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第1个回答 2010-03-18
The first residents of what is now the United States immigrated from Asia prior to 15,000 years ago by crossing Beringia into Alaska. Archaeological evidence of these peoples, the ancestors of the Native Americans is dated to 14,000 years ago.[1]
Christopher Columbus was the first European to land in the territory of what is now the United States when he arrived in Puerto Rico in 1493. The subsequent arrival of settlers from Europe began the colonial history of the United States. The Thirteen British colonies that would become the original US states, were founded along the east coast beginning in 1607. Spain, France and Russia also founded small settlements in what would become US territory. The Thirteen Colonies grew very rapidly, reaching 50,000 by 1650, 250,000 by 1700, and 2.5 million by 1775. High birth rates and low death rates were augmented by steady flows of immigrants from Europe as well as slaves from the West Indies. Occasional small-scale wars involved the French and Indians to the north, and the Spanish and Indians to the south. Religion was a powerful influence on many immigrants, especially the Puritans in New England and the German sects in Pennsylvania, with boosts from the revivals of the First Great Awakening. The colonies by the 1750s had achieved a standard of living about as high as Britain, with far more self government than anywhere else. Most free men owned their own farms and could vote in elections for the colonial legislatures, while local courts dispensed justice. Royal soldiers were rarely seen.[2]
The colonists did not have representation in the ruling British government and believed they were being denied their constitutional rights as Englishmen. For many years, the home government had permitted wide latitude to local colonial governments. Beginning in the 1760s London demanded the colonists pay taxes. The new foreign taxes on stamps and tea ignited a firestorm of opposition. The British responded with military force in Massachusetts, and shut down the system of local self government in what the colonists called the Intolerable Acts.
After fighting broke out in April 1775, each of the colonies ousted all royal officials and set up their own governments, which were coordinated out of Philadelphia by the Continental Congress. The American Revolution escalated into all-out war. Despite local King George loyalists, the new nation declared independence in July 1776 as the United States of America. After Americans captured the British invasion army in 1777, France became a military ally, and the war became a major international war with evenly balanced forces. With the capture of a second British invasion army at Yorktown in 1781, the British opened peace negotiations. The Treaty of Paris in 1783 proved highly favorable to the new nation.[3]
The new national government proved too weak, so and a Constitutional Convention was called in 1787 to create an alternative. The resulting Constitution of the United States ratified in 1788 created a federal government, based on the ideology of republicanism, equal rights, and civic duty. The first ten amendments known as the Bill of Rights quickly followed, guaranteeing many individual rights from federal interference. The new national government under President George Washington built a strong economic system, designed by Alexander Hamilton, that settled the wartime debts, created a national bank and sought economic growth based on cities and trade, more than farming. Hamilton formed the Federalist Party to gain wide local support for the new policies, which were opposed by Thomas Jefferson. The Jay Treaty of 1795 opened a decade of trade with Britain, which was at war with revolutionary France. Jefferson, a friend of France who feared British influence would undermine republicanism, set up an opposition party, and the First Party System based on voters in every state, began operation in the mid 1790s. Jefferson tried to coerce the British into recognizing America's neutral rights, stopping seizing sailors on American ships, and stop aiding hostile Indians in the West. When that failed the U.S. declared the War of 1812 against Britain. The war was militarily indecisive but guaranteed American independence, as well as friendly relations with the British Empire, which controlled Canada.
With the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 westward expansion of the United States crossed the Mississippi River. This was encouraged by the belief in Manifest Destiny, by which the United States would expand east to west, reaching the Pacific after the conquest of Mexico in 1848. The slaveholding South in 1861 tried to break away and form its own country in response to threats to its peculiar institution-- slavery. The Civil War lasting four years became deadliest war in American history. Under the leadership of Republican Abraham Lincoln the rebellion was crushed, the nation reunified. the slaves freed, and the South put under Reconstruction for a decade.
Very rapid economic growth, fueled by entrepreneurs who created great new industries in railroads, steel, coal, textiles, and machinery, manned by millions of immigrants from Europe (and some from Asia), built new cities overnight, making the U.S. the world's foremost industrial power. With Germany threatening to win World War I in part by sinking American ships, the U.S. entered the war in 1917, supplied the material, money and to a degree the soldiers needed to win. The U.S. partly dictated the peace terms, but refused to join the League of Nations, as it enjoyed unprecedented prosperity in the 1920s. The crash of 1929 started the worldwide Great Depression, which was long and severe for the entire country. A New Deal Coalition led by Franklin D. Roosevelt dominated national elections for years, and the New Deal in 1933-36 began a new era of federal regulation of the business, support for labor unions, and provision of relief for the unemployed and Social Security for the elderly.
The U.S. organized, funded and supplied the Allied cause in World War II, defeating Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan. Postwar hopes that the new United Nations would resolve the world's problems failed, as Europe was divided and the U.S. took the lead in the Cold War with a policy of containing Communist expansion. Containment led to wars in Korea (a stalemate) and Vietnam (lost). Economic prosperity after the war empowered families to move to the suburbs and engage in a Baby Boom that pushed the population from 140 million in 1940 to 203 million in 1970. The industrial economy based on heavy industry gave way to a service economy featuring health care and education, as America led the way to a computerized world. The end of the Cold War came in 1991 as Soviet Communism collapsed. The U.S. was the only military superpower left, but it was challenged for economic supremacy by China, which remained on good terms with the U.S. as it embraced capitalism and by 2010 was growing much more rapidly than the U.S.
The Civil Rights Movement ended Jim Crow and empowered black voters in the 1960s, leading to the movement of blacks into high government offices. However, the New Deal coalition collapsed in the mid 1960s in disputes over race and the Vietnam War. The Reagan Era of conservative national policies, deregulation and tax cuts took control with the election of Ronald Reagan in 1980. By 2010, commentators were debating whether the election of Barack Obama in 2008 represented an end of the Reagan Era, or was only a reaction against the bubble economy of the 2000s, which burst in 2008 and became the Late-2000s recession with prolonged unemployment.本回答被提问者和网友采纳
Christopher Columbus was the first European to land in the territory of what is now the United States when he arrived in Puerto Rico in 1493. The subsequent arrival of settlers from Europe began the colonial history of the United States. The Thirteen British colonies that would become the original US states, were founded along the east coast beginning in 1607. Spain, France and Russia also founded small settlements in what would become US territory. The Thirteen Colonies grew very rapidly, reaching 50,000 by 1650, 250,000 by 1700, and 2.5 million by 1775. High birth rates and low death rates were augmented by steady flows of immigrants from Europe as well as slaves from the West Indies. Occasional small-scale wars involved the French and Indians to the north, and the Spanish and Indians to the south. Religion was a powerful influence on many immigrants, especially the Puritans in New England and the German sects in Pennsylvania, with boosts from the revivals of the First Great Awakening. The colonies by the 1750s had achieved a standard of living about as high as Britain, with far more self government than anywhere else. Most free men owned their own farms and could vote in elections for the colonial legislatures, while local courts dispensed justice. Royal soldiers were rarely seen.[2]
The colonists did not have representation in the ruling British government and believed they were being denied their constitutional rights as Englishmen. For many years, the home government had permitted wide latitude to local colonial governments. Beginning in the 1760s London demanded the colonists pay taxes. The new foreign taxes on stamps and tea ignited a firestorm of opposition. The British responded with military force in Massachusetts, and shut down the system of local self government in what the colonists called the Intolerable Acts.
After fighting broke out in April 1775, each of the colonies ousted all royal officials and set up their own governments, which were coordinated out of Philadelphia by the Continental Congress. The American Revolution escalated into all-out war. Despite local King George loyalists, the new nation declared independence in July 1776 as the United States of America. After Americans captured the British invasion army in 1777, France became a military ally, and the war became a major international war with evenly balanced forces. With the capture of a second British invasion army at Yorktown in 1781, the British opened peace negotiations. The Treaty of Paris in 1783 proved highly favorable to the new nation.[3]
The new national government proved too weak, so and a Constitutional Convention was called in 1787 to create an alternative. The resulting Constitution of the United States ratified in 1788 created a federal government, based on the ideology of republicanism, equal rights, and civic duty. The first ten amendments known as the Bill of Rights quickly followed, guaranteeing many individual rights from federal interference. The new national government under President George Washington built a strong economic system, designed by Alexander Hamilton, that settled the wartime debts, created a national bank and sought economic growth based on cities and trade, more than farming. Hamilton formed the Federalist Party to gain wide local support for the new policies, which were opposed by Thomas Jefferson. The Jay Treaty of 1795 opened a decade of trade with Britain, which was at war with revolutionary France. Jefferson, a friend of France who feared British influence would undermine republicanism, set up an opposition party, and the First Party System based on voters in every state, began operation in the mid 1790s. Jefferson tried to coerce the British into recognizing America's neutral rights, stopping seizing sailors on American ships, and stop aiding hostile Indians in the West. When that failed the U.S. declared the War of 1812 against Britain. The war was militarily indecisive but guaranteed American independence, as well as friendly relations with the British Empire, which controlled Canada.
With the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 westward expansion of the United States crossed the Mississippi River. This was encouraged by the belief in Manifest Destiny, by which the United States would expand east to west, reaching the Pacific after the conquest of Mexico in 1848. The slaveholding South in 1861 tried to break away and form its own country in response to threats to its peculiar institution-- slavery. The Civil War lasting four years became deadliest war in American history. Under the leadership of Republican Abraham Lincoln the rebellion was crushed, the nation reunified. the slaves freed, and the South put under Reconstruction for a decade.
Very rapid economic growth, fueled by entrepreneurs who created great new industries in railroads, steel, coal, textiles, and machinery, manned by millions of immigrants from Europe (and some from Asia), built new cities overnight, making the U.S. the world's foremost industrial power. With Germany threatening to win World War I in part by sinking American ships, the U.S. entered the war in 1917, supplied the material, money and to a degree the soldiers needed to win. The U.S. partly dictated the peace terms, but refused to join the League of Nations, as it enjoyed unprecedented prosperity in the 1920s. The crash of 1929 started the worldwide Great Depression, which was long and severe for the entire country. A New Deal Coalition led by Franklin D. Roosevelt dominated national elections for years, and the New Deal in 1933-36 began a new era of federal regulation of the business, support for labor unions, and provision of relief for the unemployed and Social Security for the elderly.
The U.S. organized, funded and supplied the Allied cause in World War II, defeating Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan. Postwar hopes that the new United Nations would resolve the world's problems failed, as Europe was divided and the U.S. took the lead in the Cold War with a policy of containing Communist expansion. Containment led to wars in Korea (a stalemate) and Vietnam (lost). Economic prosperity after the war empowered families to move to the suburbs and engage in a Baby Boom that pushed the population from 140 million in 1940 to 203 million in 1970. The industrial economy based on heavy industry gave way to a service economy featuring health care and education, as America led the way to a computerized world. The end of the Cold War came in 1991 as Soviet Communism collapsed. The U.S. was the only military superpower left, but it was challenged for economic supremacy by China, which remained on good terms with the U.S. as it embraced capitalism and by 2010 was growing much more rapidly than the U.S.
The Civil Rights Movement ended Jim Crow and empowered black voters in the 1960s, leading to the movement of blacks into high government offices. However, the New Deal coalition collapsed in the mid 1960s in disputes over race and the Vietnam War. The Reagan Era of conservative national policies, deregulation and tax cuts took control with the election of Ronald Reagan in 1980. By 2010, commentators were debating whether the election of Barack Obama in 2008 represented an end of the Reagan Era, or was only a reaction against the bubble economy of the 2000s, which burst in 2008 and became the Late-2000s recession with prolonged unemployment.本回答被提问者和网友采纳
