急求圆明园的资料：英语的。。希望大家能够多多帮助，因为明天就需要这份资料、、希望大家配合。。如果有的话，希望能够用中文和英文的一种一点，不要太多了，只要写为什么毁灭就行了、、
The Old Summer Palace, known in China as the Gardens of Perfect Brightness (圆明园, referred to in many books as Yuan Ming Yuan), and originally called the Imperial Gardens (御园), was a complex of palaces and gardens 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) northwest of the walls of the Imperial City in Beijing, built in the 18th and early 19th century, where the emperors of the Qing Dynasty resided and handled government affairs (the Forbidden City was used only for formal ceremonies).
Known for its extensive collection of garden and building architectures and other works of art (a popular name in China was the "Garden of Gardens", 万园之园), the Imperial Gardens were destroyed by British and French troops in 1860 during the Second Opium War, as a punishment for the torture and execution of those countries' peace emissaries by the Chinese Emperor. Today, this punishment is held up by the current Chinese government as a symbol of foreign aggression and humiliation in China.
Known for its extensive collection of garden and building architectures and other works of art (a popular name in China was the "Garden of Gardens", 万园之园), the Imperial Gardens were destroyed by British and French troops in 1860 during the Second Opium War, as a punishment for the torture and execution of those countries' peace emissaries by the Chinese Emperor. Today, this punishment is held up by the current Chinese government as a symbol of foreign aggression and humiliation in China.
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第1个回答 2009-06-08
圆明园被毁英文介绍：
Destruction of the Summer Palace
Looting of the Old Summer Palace by Anglo-French forces in 1860 during the Second Opium War.
Ruins of the European-style palaces
The Old Summer Palace as it was depicted in traditional Chinese painting
The pavilion and the stone arch are among few of the only remaining buildings in the ruins of the Old Summer PalaceIn 1860, during the Second Opium War, British and French expeditionary forces, having marched inland from the coast, reached Beijing (then known as Peking). On the night of October 6 French units diverted from the main attack force towards the Old Summer Palace.
Although the French commander Montauban assured the British commander Grant that "nothing had been touched", extensive looting, also by British and Chinese, took place. The Old Summer Palace was then occupied only by a few eunuchs, the Emperor Xianfeng having fled. There was no significant resistance to the looting from the Chinese, even though many Imperial soldiers were in the surrounding country.[6]
On October 18, 1860, the British High Commissioner to China Lord Elgin, in retaliation for the torture and execution of almost twenty European and Indian prisoners (including two British envoys and a journalist for The Times), ordered the destruction of the palace.[7]
The envoys, Henry Loch and Harry Parkes, had gone ahead of the main force under a flag of truce to negotiate with the Prince I at Tungchow. After a day of talks, they and their small escort of British and Indian troopers were suddenly surrounded and taken prisoner. They were taken to the Board of Punishments in Beijing where they were confined and tortured. Parkes and Loch were returned after two weeks, with fourteen other survivors. Twenty British, French and Indian captives died. Their bodies were barely recognisable after their treatment in the Board of Punishments. The treatment of their people caused revulsion among the European army.[8]
Destroying the Forbidden City was also thought to be a way of discouraging the Chinese Empire from using kidnapping as a bargaining tool and to exact revenge for the mistreatment of the prisoners.[9]
It took 3,500 British troops to set the entire place ablaze, taking three days to burn. The Palace was plundered and burned twice, . The first time was in 1860 by French and British army forces, and only 13 royal buildings survived to remain intact, most of them in the remote areas or by the lake side. The second time was in 1900 during the Eight-Nation Alliance invasion, and nothing remained this time.[10]
Charles George Gordon, a 27-year-old captain in the Royal Engineers wrote:-
We went out, and, after pillaging it, burned the whole place, destroying in a vandal-like manner most valuable property which [could] not be replaced for four millions. We got upward of £48 apiece prize money...I have done well. The [local] people are very civil, but I think the grandees hate us, as they must after what we did the Palace. You can scarcely imagine the beauty and magnificence of the places we burnt. It made one’s heart sore to burn them; in fact, these places were so large, and we were so pressed for time, that we could not plunder them carefully. Quantities of gold ornaments were burnt, considered as brass. It was wretchedly demoralising work for an army.
The Belvedere of the God of Literature, a photo taken by Felice Beato between the 6th and 18 October 1860, shortly before the building was burnt to the ground. It was rebuilt later by Empress Dowager Cixi, although its replacement was three stories instead of four like the original tower seen here.One consolation for the Chinese was that the British and French looters preferred porcelain (much of which still graces English and French country houses) while neglecting bronze vessels prized locally for cooking and burial in tombs. Many such treasures dated back to the Shang, Zhou and Han dynasties and were up to 3,600 years old. A specific exception was the looting of the Haiyantang Zodiac fountain with its twelve bronze animal heads.[11] Much of the local population also took part in the looting.
Once the Summer Palace was reduced to ruins a sign was raised with an inscription in Chinese stating "This is the reward for perfidy and cruelty". The burning of the palace was the last act in the Second Opium War or Arrow War.[12]
Like the Forbidden City, no ordinary Chinese citizen had ever been allowed into the Summer Palace, as it was used exclusively by the Imperial family. (See Personal narrative of occurrences during Lord Elgin's second embassy to China, 1860 by Henry Loch, 1869). The Summer Palace had, in fact, been picked for precisely that reason, as a way of striking at the Emperor and the Imperial Government without touching the general population. Nonetheless, the burning of the Gardens of Perfect Brightness is still a very sensitive issue in China today.
According to Prof. Wang Dou Cheng of the People's University in Beijing, not all of Yuanming Yuan perished in the original burning;[13] over time, however, the ruins were further scavenged by Chinese treasure hunters, which was positively encouraged during the Cultural Revolution.
参考资料：维*基〉百科
Destruction of the Summer Palace
Looting of the Old Summer Palace by Anglo-French forces in 1860 during the Second Opium War.
Ruins of the European-style palaces
The Old Summer Palace as it was depicted in traditional Chinese painting
The pavilion and the stone arch are among few of the only remaining buildings in the ruins of the Old Summer PalaceIn 1860, during the Second Opium War, British and French expeditionary forces, having marched inland from the coast, reached Beijing (then known as Peking). On the night of October 6 French units diverted from the main attack force towards the Old Summer Palace.
Although the French commander Montauban assured the British commander Grant that "nothing had been touched", extensive looting, also by British and Chinese, took place. The Old Summer Palace was then occupied only by a few eunuchs, the Emperor Xianfeng having fled. There was no significant resistance to the looting from the Chinese, even though many Imperial soldiers were in the surrounding country.[6]
On October 18, 1860, the British High Commissioner to China Lord Elgin, in retaliation for the torture and execution of almost twenty European and Indian prisoners (including two British envoys and a journalist for The Times), ordered the destruction of the palace.[7]
The envoys, Henry Loch and Harry Parkes, had gone ahead of the main force under a flag of truce to negotiate with the Prince I at Tungchow. After a day of talks, they and their small escort of British and Indian troopers were suddenly surrounded and taken prisoner. They were taken to the Board of Punishments in Beijing where they were confined and tortured. Parkes and Loch were returned after two weeks, with fourteen other survivors. Twenty British, French and Indian captives died. Their bodies were barely recognisable after their treatment in the Board of Punishments. The treatment of their people caused revulsion among the European army.[8]
Destroying the Forbidden City was also thought to be a way of discouraging the Chinese Empire from using kidnapping as a bargaining tool and to exact revenge for the mistreatment of the prisoners.[9]
It took 3,500 British troops to set the entire place ablaze, taking three days to burn. The Palace was plundered and burned twice, . The first time was in 1860 by French and British army forces, and only 13 royal buildings survived to remain intact, most of them in the remote areas or by the lake side. The second time was in 1900 during the Eight-Nation Alliance invasion, and nothing remained this time.[10]
Charles George Gordon, a 27-year-old captain in the Royal Engineers wrote:-
We went out, and, after pillaging it, burned the whole place, destroying in a vandal-like manner most valuable property which [could] not be replaced for four millions. We got upward of £48 apiece prize money...I have done well. The [local] people are very civil, but I think the grandees hate us, as they must after what we did the Palace. You can scarcely imagine the beauty and magnificence of the places we burnt. It made one’s heart sore to burn them; in fact, these places were so large, and we were so pressed for time, that we could not plunder them carefully. Quantities of gold ornaments were burnt, considered as brass. It was wretchedly demoralising work for an army.
The Belvedere of the God of Literature, a photo taken by Felice Beato between the 6th and 18 October 1860, shortly before the building was burnt to the ground. It was rebuilt later by Empress Dowager Cixi, although its replacement was three stories instead of four like the original tower seen here.One consolation for the Chinese was that the British and French looters preferred porcelain (much of which still graces English and French country houses) while neglecting bronze vessels prized locally for cooking and burial in tombs. Many such treasures dated back to the Shang, Zhou and Han dynasties and were up to 3,600 years old. A specific exception was the looting of the Haiyantang Zodiac fountain with its twelve bronze animal heads.[11] Much of the local population also took part in the looting.
Once the Summer Palace was reduced to ruins a sign was raised with an inscription in Chinese stating "This is the reward for perfidy and cruelty". The burning of the palace was the last act in the Second Opium War or Arrow War.[12]
Like the Forbidden City, no ordinary Chinese citizen had ever been allowed into the Summer Palace, as it was used exclusively by the Imperial family. (See Personal narrative of occurrences during Lord Elgin's second embassy to China, 1860 by Henry Loch, 1869). The Summer Palace had, in fact, been picked for precisely that reason, as a way of striking at the Emperor and the Imperial Government without touching the general population. Nonetheless, the burning of the Gardens of Perfect Brightness is still a very sensitive issue in China today.
According to Prof. Wang Dou Cheng of the People's University in Beijing, not all of Yuanming Yuan perished in the original burning;[13] over time, however, the ruins were further scavenged by Chinese treasure hunters, which was positively encouraged during the Cultural Revolution.
参考资料：维*基〉百科
