如题。
[ 不要太少，太简略。]
thanks。
稜 skin turtle Division (Dermochelyidae) and the turtle Division (Cheloniidae) of the sea-dweller turtle.Adapt to the aquatic life, limb into fin-shaped, conducive to swim.Generally only during the breeding season out of water coming ashore.Female turtle eggs will be digging holes at the beach.稜 skin turtle (Dermochelyscoriacea) was extant turtle species of approximately 2.1 meters (7 ft), weighing about 540 kilograms (1, 200 pounds).End of the two former fin is approximately 2.7 between span meters.The most broadly long up to 3 meters, weighing about 900 kg.Composed by strut carapace, slightly overburden to sepia or black leather quality skin.Back 7 obvious longitudinal 稜, there are 5 of the abdomen.On the world's oceans, longer than swimming, and omnivorous.
稜 Dermochelys coriacea turtles (skin)
Sea turtles are turtles turtle species.Presence in Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans.Made in China, belonging to the Japan Sea turtles from Shandong, South to have distribution Beibu Gulf offshore.Up to the life of 1 m, maximum size of around 150-year-old ... with a pair of overhead his forehead squamous cell.Forelimb propeller, extremities as taking longer than the hind limbs, medial, toe has got a claw.Head, neck and limbs could shrink into KAB.Feed mainly on seaweed.Living in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Ocean, to land their eggs, hatchling.Meat edible fats can refinery.As a national class two animal protection.
Turtle maxillary-mandibular flat out, slightly curved to the bait, JAWS rim jagged notched.On the forehead and squamous cell 1.Heart-shaped carapace assumes.Arrange Scutum inlay.Vertebral shield 5 slices; rib guilders per side 4 tablets; 11 per side margin shield.The paddle-shaped extremities.Forelimb longer than the hind legs, claws medial with 1.Male tail is long, one half of $ body length.Forelimb claws large, curved hook.Carapace olive or brown-coloured stripes, clutter-taking; abdominal KAB yellow.Living in the upper sublittoral.To fish, cephalopod animals, crustacea and algae, etc.The annual 4 to 10 months for the breeding season, often in the vicinity of the mating surface of the reef, 3 ~ 4 hours.Female at night to get to shore on the beach, forelimb to dig a deep and body high considerable Tai Hang, pits, and then to hind alternating to dig a diameter 20 cm, deep 50 cm or so ” “ eggs hang, in the pits to lay eggs.Producing BI to cover, and then back to the sea.The annual spawn several times, 157 per production 91 ~.Egg white, round, 41 ~ 43 mm diameter, shell, the Shura soft leather quality.Incubator 50 ~ 70 days.
Sea turtle life up 152 years, is animal well-deserved 老寿星 animals longest life expectancy — turtles turtles as early as the emergence of 230 million years ago, on the planet is the famous ” “ living fossils.As far as the world of Guinness record, the turtle's life up 152 years, is a well-deserved 老寿星 in animals.Precisely because the turtle is the longevity of animals in the ocean, so the people along the instruction will still be turtle regarded as the mascot of longevity, just as the mainland people with pine trees the same as a symbol of longevity, coastal people also turn the turtle seen as a symbol of longevity, and have ” “ Wannian turtle. The ocean is currently a total of eight species of sea turtles, where there are four produced in our country, principally in Shandong and Fujian, Taiwan and Hainan, Zhejiang and Guangdong coast, the maximum number of our group is the green turtles.
[edit types of this paragraph]
In the ocean Live 8 species of sea turtles: a leatherback turtle, hawksbill turtles and red head, olive green squamous turtle, big turtles, green sea turtles, black turtle (Pacific Lepidochelys) peace back turtles.All of the sea turtles were classified as endangered species.
Since male turtles and young turtles go ashore, we will not be very difficult to know the sea turtle survival in the wild.The number of the sea turtles are generally calculated according to their hatching rate.
Research shows that all kinds of immature sea turtles are different degrees of diminished.Especially big turtles and leatherback turtles, all sea turtle disappearing kinds of greatest risk.The maximum number is olive green squamous turtle several to the Indian coast nesting.
Green turtle (Chelonia mydas) body large and heavy carapace length of about 0.7 ∼ 1 meters, weighing about 1.4 kilograms. ∼ 90The largest body length about 1.2 meters above sea level, 585 kilograms in weight.Carapace width and smooth, full-body-Brown or light green, distributed in coastal areas of the world; the main warm waters; feeding of seaweed and unlike other turtles sometimes ashore in the Sun.
Caretta caretta turtle () for a large, similar to the green turtles, but the larger head.Micro-reddish-brown or brown carapace length of about 0.7 ∼ 2.1 meters.Large specimens General weighing about 135 kilograms, but nearly 400 kilograms in weight.It is rumored that their temperament ferocious carnivorous, spread throughout the world's oceans.
Eretmochelys imbricata) hawksbill (body smaller.Its scientific name according to the carapace arranges the overlying plate of tile.The warm waters around the world ocean.Aggressive to feed animals and plants.KAB long about 40 ∼ ∼ 55 cm (16, 22-inch) weighs about 45 kilograms of 13 ∼ ∼ 100 pounds (29).
RI Dali turtle l. (Lepidochelys) is a small turtle, width, a circle.Atlantic RI Dali turtle (m. kempii) gray, about 60 ∼ 79 cm.Produced in the Gulf of Mexico, accidental Gulf stream, an East-North-New England, Great Britain and Europe.This kind of turtle and tortoise commonly known as "hybrids", this name originates from people mistook Atlantic RI Dali turtle is green turtles and turtle after generation.Pacific Dali turtle (L. olivacea) on the Indo-Pacific region. warm-water areaThe type of the body is greater than the Atlantic, slightly greenish to animals and plants.
[edit feature of this paragraph]
Turtle is in existence for 1 billion years of prehistoric reptiles.Sea turtle scales and quality of the shell, although you can stay under water for several hours, but still want to regulate body temperature floating surface and breathe.
It is the largest sea turtle, Leatherback turtle as long as 2 metres, over 1 ton.The smallest is olive green squamous turtle, 75 cm long, 40 kg heavier.
Turtle uniqueness is the tortoise shell.It can protect sea turtles are inviolable, let them swim around freely in the harbour.In addition to the leatherback turtle, all of the sea turtles have shells.Leatherback turtles with thick oily skin, presents 5 longitudinal edged ..
And the tortoise, sea turtles which can't be in the head and limbs shrink back to the shell.Like wings-like forelimbs mainly used to promote the turtle forward, and the hind limbs like rudder direction in the grip of travelling time.
In mature male and female turtle prior to the body is the same.When male turtles matures, tail thickened with variable-length, because the reproductive organs in relation to the bottom of the tail.
Different types of sea turtles have different mature age.The hawksbill turtles 3 years old mature, turtles-50-year-old mature.Turtles must be at the land lay their eggs, once can yield 50-200 a ping-pong ball-shaped eggs, but the chances of young sea turtle survival respirable.
[edit this paragraph] Habitat and range of activities
Most of the sea turtle survival in a relatively shallow coastal waters and bays, lagoons, coral reefs and sea-river estuary.We usually warm and comfortable throughout the world's seas found turtles.
Different kinds and the same type of sea turtle populations within each migration habits.Some turtles to swim to several kilometers away from the nesting and feeding turtles.While the leatherback turtle migration farthest, they want to 5000 kilometers of beach nesting.Black turtle is like in their distribution area of the southernmost and northernmost turtles breeding and feeding.
[edit this paragraph] diet
Turtles whilst no teeth, but their beak but very sharp, different species have different eating habits.Turtle is divided into plant-eating, meat and omnivorous.
Red-headed turtle and tortoise and squamous cell, you can have JAWS milled crabs, some coral Mollusca, jellyfish.While the hawksbill turtle's upper beak hook Qu resembling olecranon, available from the coral interstices identify sponge, shrimps and squid.Green Turtle and black turtle palate assumes the jagged, mainly eats the seaweed and algae.
Turtles eat aquatic plants also swallowed seawater, ingest a large number of salt.Beside the sea turtle some special of the lacrimal gland expel these salts, creating a sea turtles on the shore of “ tears ” phenomenon.
[edit] this paragraph survive threat
Mainly hatching areas damaged and illegal poaching.
Incubation area damaged
The development of the beach greatly reduce sea turtle nesting sites.Turtles are no longer ashore incubation for various reasons: human activities and noise pollution and waste barricaded the turtles way, and if turtles eat the rubbish they may die; Beach man-made light allow turtles to mistake is misled them in the daytime, evening incubation, it will make just hatching out want to go back to sea turtles lose direction.In India Orissa incubation of olive green sea turtles are also facing serious threats.
Illegal poaching
Turtle shells are used to tabulate Combs, spectacle frames, jewelry and other cosmetics and priced very expensive.Turtle fat was used to make soup, sea turtle eggs is also considered wild game.
[edit this paragraph] sea turtle protection
Sea turtle protection work into a high-speed development period, coastal economic activities and harmful fishing operations subject to monitoring.Sea turtle conservation work has been much progress has been achieved.Australia has launched a project, investing millions of dollars in community in the turtle conservation activities, and trying to find ways to solve the problem of ghost nets.Indonesia is conducting an advanced study to determine the fishing industry and the turtle survival status of mutual relations, and with industry to develop appropriate mitigation measures.Seychelles have developed innovative ways to make the participation of private enterprise to actual conservation action.At present, eight countries have already begun implementation focuses on turtle protection of national plans, whereas the other ten countries are also plans to introduce similar schemes.Decades, Austria, Oman, Seychelles and South Africa are monitoring the number of various since sea turtle; otherwise several countries in the last decade have also implemented a protection scheme.United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) in Bangkok Office is responsible for coordinating the agreement executed by Douglas Hykle said, this national report made it clear that countries are making greater efforts, monitoring, management and protection of the countries of the turtles.
The quantity of green turtles in Sudan, Oman, but in Indonesia and the Philippines, due to unsustainable poaching turtle eggs and collected, the quantity of green turtles.It is reported in the Indian Embassy in the nest, thousands of Lepidochelys quantity continues to decline.While in Thailand, Lepidochelys quantity has been very scarce, it is estimated the number only and has a history of 5 per cent of the high level. Signatory pointed out that natural phenomena such as predator-prey is the largest sea turtle facing threats, immediately following it is incidental capture of coastal fisheries issues.It is reported both threats involving 18 countries by about 35 per cent of the scene in strength is “ moderate to strong ”.In 14 countries of the 20 per cent of field investigations, turtle egg collection have serious threats at all ranks third.After a thorough investigation, the traditional turtle meat and turtle egg consumption remains at three quarters of the signatory States.
Fishery is also becoming the focus of concern.Half of the signatory to the report of fixed gill net have severe effects on sea turtle.Shrimp trawling cause turtle become Deputy catches by, has been a serious problem, however, only one signatory taken effective measures to solve this problem.There are other harmful illegal fishing activities have been put on record, some destructive fishing methods start coming back, such as the use of explosives and poison.
The development of coastal areas, such as the negative consequences of tourism, has also become a focus of attention.The project's Advisory Committee, said Dr Jack Frazier: “ in most of the Indian Ocean region, coastal development, particularly tourism facilities construction quickly.On sea turtle nesting beaches and turtle foraging and rest of the nearshore beaches, the negative effects caused by growing significantly.”
Is expected to have more than 30 countries of the official delegation will attend the Bali meeting.The meeting will discuss an ambitious conservation and management plan to implement the programme involves the field of the 24 project.The meeting will focus case studies, including coastal development problems, fisheries and the turtle of a large project in India and Indonesia to tuna longline fishing industry.The meeting also discusses the establishment of a turtle and endangered habitats in the network.
Recently also will introduce some sharing of information and monitoring turtle number of new tools, such as recently upgraded IOSEA online reporting system.The line database at: http://www.ioseaturtles.org/report.php, website involved, the Indian Ocean and Southeast Asian turtle haunted 700 key locations.Users can query the system to obtain relevant information, such as a sea turtle species occur, they place in a particular threat faced by, and is implementing mitigation measures that ongoing research activities.Google maps provide all information of high resolution satellite images.
[edit] law of this paragraph
All turtles are in the CITES Convention (CITES) law protection, does not allow any turtle products traded.Even from abroad brings any turtle products are an offence.
Sea turtles there is not currently enlisted in the list of animal protection in China.But as the international wildlife trade one of the Convention on the Member States, China always supports prohibit any turtle products traded.
[edit] network of this paragraph the words
Overseas officers.Formerly ” “ returned, and now use more is known as “ turtles homonym ”. This is known as the network.
[edit the value of this paragraph] diet therapy
Turtle species turtle meat.The distribution of the Yellow Sea turtles and South China Sea.Get the main extraction, after the flesh and blood standby.
Sexual taste flat.Be delicious, moistening the cough.For ganshenyingxuxing, hot flashes, night sweats or dryness and Yin with lung, gasp cough short gas, etc.Can be cooking or fried soup.
稜 Dermochelys coriacea turtles (skin)
Sea turtles are turtles turtle species.Presence in Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans.Made in China, belonging to the Japan Sea turtles from Shandong, South to have distribution Beibu Gulf offshore.Up to the life of 1 m, maximum size of around 150-year-old ... with a pair of overhead his forehead squamous cell.Forelimb propeller, extremities as taking longer than the hind limbs, medial, toe has got a claw.Head, neck and limbs could shrink into KAB.Feed mainly on seaweed.Living in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Ocean, to land their eggs, hatchling.Meat edible fats can refinery.As a national class two animal protection.
Turtle maxillary-mandibular flat out, slightly curved to the bait, JAWS rim jagged notched.On the forehead and squamous cell 1.Heart-shaped carapace assumes.Arrange Scutum inlay.Vertebral shield 5 slices; rib guilders per side 4 tablets; 11 per side margin shield.The paddle-shaped extremities.Forelimb longer than the hind legs, claws medial with 1.Male tail is long, one half of $ body length.Forelimb claws large, curved hook.Carapace olive or brown-coloured stripes, clutter-taking; abdominal KAB yellow.Living in the upper sublittoral.To fish, cephalopod animals, crustacea and algae, etc.The annual 4 to 10 months for the breeding season, often in the vicinity of the mating surface of the reef, 3 ~ 4 hours.Female at night to get to shore on the beach, forelimb to dig a deep and body high considerable Tai Hang, pits, and then to hind alternating to dig a diameter 20 cm, deep 50 cm or so ” “ eggs hang, in the pits to lay eggs.Producing BI to cover, and then back to the sea.The annual spawn several times, 157 per production 91 ~.Egg white, round, 41 ~ 43 mm diameter, shell, the Shura soft leather quality.Incubator 50 ~ 70 days.
Sea turtle life up 152 years, is animal well-deserved 老寿星 animals longest life expectancy — turtles turtles as early as the emergence of 230 million years ago, on the planet is the famous ” “ living fossils.As far as the world of Guinness record, the turtle's life up 152 years, is a well-deserved 老寿星 in animals.Precisely because the turtle is the longevity of animals in the ocean, so the people along the instruction will still be turtle regarded as the mascot of longevity, just as the mainland people with pine trees the same as a symbol of longevity, coastal people also turn the turtle seen as a symbol of longevity, and have ” “ Wannian turtle. The ocean is currently a total of eight species of sea turtles, where there are four produced in our country, principally in Shandong and Fujian, Taiwan and Hainan, Zhejiang and Guangdong coast, the maximum number of our group is the green turtles.
[edit types of this paragraph]
In the ocean Live 8 species of sea turtles: a leatherback turtle, hawksbill turtles and red head, olive green squamous turtle, big turtles, green sea turtles, black turtle (Pacific Lepidochelys) peace back turtles.All of the sea turtles were classified as endangered species.
Since male turtles and young turtles go ashore, we will not be very difficult to know the sea turtle survival in the wild.The number of the sea turtles are generally calculated according to their hatching rate.
Research shows that all kinds of immature sea turtles are different degrees of diminished.Especially big turtles and leatherback turtles, all sea turtle disappearing kinds of greatest risk.The maximum number is olive green squamous turtle several to the Indian coast nesting.
Green turtle (Chelonia mydas) body large and heavy carapace length of about 0.7 ∼ 1 meters, weighing about 1.4 kilograms. ∼ 90The largest body length about 1.2 meters above sea level, 585 kilograms in weight.Carapace width and smooth, full-body-Brown or light green, distributed in coastal areas of the world; the main warm waters; feeding of seaweed and unlike other turtles sometimes ashore in the Sun.
Caretta caretta turtle () for a large, similar to the green turtles, but the larger head.Micro-reddish-brown or brown carapace length of about 0.7 ∼ 2.1 meters.Large specimens General weighing about 135 kilograms, but nearly 400 kilograms in weight.It is rumored that their temperament ferocious carnivorous, spread throughout the world's oceans.
Eretmochelys imbricata) hawksbill (body smaller.Its scientific name according to the carapace arranges the overlying plate of tile.The warm waters around the world ocean.Aggressive to feed animals and plants.KAB long about 40 ∼ ∼ 55 cm (16, 22-inch) weighs about 45 kilograms of 13 ∼ ∼ 100 pounds (29).
RI Dali turtle l. (Lepidochelys) is a small turtle, width, a circle.Atlantic RI Dali turtle (m. kempii) gray, about 60 ∼ 79 cm.Produced in the Gulf of Mexico, accidental Gulf stream, an East-North-New England, Great Britain and Europe.This kind of turtle and tortoise commonly known as "hybrids", this name originates from people mistook Atlantic RI Dali turtle is green turtles and turtle after generation.Pacific Dali turtle (L. olivacea) on the Indo-Pacific region. warm-water areaThe type of the body is greater than the Atlantic, slightly greenish to animals and plants.
[edit feature of this paragraph]
Turtle is in existence for 1 billion years of prehistoric reptiles.Sea turtle scales and quality of the shell, although you can stay under water for several hours, but still want to regulate body temperature floating surface and breathe.
It is the largest sea turtle, Leatherback turtle as long as 2 metres, over 1 ton.The smallest is olive green squamous turtle, 75 cm long, 40 kg heavier.
Turtle uniqueness is the tortoise shell.It can protect sea turtles are inviolable, let them swim around freely in the harbour.In addition to the leatherback turtle, all of the sea turtles have shells.Leatherback turtles with thick oily skin, presents 5 longitudinal edged ..
And the tortoise, sea turtles which can't be in the head and limbs shrink back to the shell.Like wings-like forelimbs mainly used to promote the turtle forward, and the hind limbs like rudder direction in the grip of travelling time.
In mature male and female turtle prior to the body is the same.When male turtles matures, tail thickened with variable-length, because the reproductive organs in relation to the bottom of the tail.
Different types of sea turtles have different mature age.The hawksbill turtles 3 years old mature, turtles-50-year-old mature.Turtles must be at the land lay their eggs, once can yield 50-200 a ping-pong ball-shaped eggs, but the chances of young sea turtle survival respirable.
[edit this paragraph] Habitat and range of activities
Most of the sea turtle survival in a relatively shallow coastal waters and bays, lagoons, coral reefs and sea-river estuary.We usually warm and comfortable throughout the world's seas found turtles.
Different kinds and the same type of sea turtle populations within each migration habits.Some turtles to swim to several kilometers away from the nesting and feeding turtles.While the leatherback turtle migration farthest, they want to 5000 kilometers of beach nesting.Black turtle is like in their distribution area of the southernmost and northernmost turtles breeding and feeding.
[edit this paragraph] diet
Turtles whilst no teeth, but their beak but very sharp, different species have different eating habits.Turtle is divided into plant-eating, meat and omnivorous.
Red-headed turtle and tortoise and squamous cell, you can have JAWS milled crabs, some coral Mollusca, jellyfish.While the hawksbill turtle's upper beak hook Qu resembling olecranon, available from the coral interstices identify sponge, shrimps and squid.Green Turtle and black turtle palate assumes the jagged, mainly eats the seaweed and algae.
Turtles eat aquatic plants also swallowed seawater, ingest a large number of salt.Beside the sea turtle some special of the lacrimal gland expel these salts, creating a sea turtles on the shore of “ tears ” phenomenon.
[edit] this paragraph survive threat
Mainly hatching areas damaged and illegal poaching.
Incubation area damaged
The development of the beach greatly reduce sea turtle nesting sites.Turtles are no longer ashore incubation for various reasons: human activities and noise pollution and waste barricaded the turtles way, and if turtles eat the rubbish they may die; Beach man-made light allow turtles to mistake is misled them in the daytime, evening incubation, it will make just hatching out want to go back to sea turtles lose direction.In India Orissa incubation of olive green sea turtles are also facing serious threats.
Illegal poaching
Turtle shells are used to tabulate Combs, spectacle frames, jewelry and other cosmetics and priced very expensive.Turtle fat was used to make soup, sea turtle eggs is also considered wild game.
[edit this paragraph] sea turtle protection
Sea turtle protection work into a high-speed development period, coastal economic activities and harmful fishing operations subject to monitoring.Sea turtle conservation work has been much progress has been achieved.Australia has launched a project, investing millions of dollars in community in the turtle conservation activities, and trying to find ways to solve the problem of ghost nets.Indonesia is conducting an advanced study to determine the fishing industry and the turtle survival status of mutual relations, and with industry to develop appropriate mitigation measures.Seychelles have developed innovative ways to make the participation of private enterprise to actual conservation action.At present, eight countries have already begun implementation focuses on turtle protection of national plans, whereas the other ten countries are also plans to introduce similar schemes.Decades, Austria, Oman, Seychelles and South Africa are monitoring the number of various since sea turtle; otherwise several countries in the last decade have also implemented a protection scheme.United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) in Bangkok Office is responsible for coordinating the agreement executed by Douglas Hykle said, this national report made it clear that countries are making greater efforts, monitoring, management and protection of the countries of the turtles.
The quantity of green turtles in Sudan, Oman, but in Indonesia and the Philippines, due to unsustainable poaching turtle eggs and collected, the quantity of green turtles.It is reported in the Indian Embassy in the nest, thousands of Lepidochelys quantity continues to decline.While in Thailand, Lepidochelys quantity has been very scarce, it is estimated the number only and has a history of 5 per cent of the high level. Signatory pointed out that natural phenomena such as predator-prey is the largest sea turtle facing threats, immediately following it is incidental capture of coastal fisheries issues.It is reported both threats involving 18 countries by about 35 per cent of the scene in strength is “ moderate to strong ”.In 14 countries of the 20 per cent of field investigations, turtle egg collection have serious threats at all ranks third.After a thorough investigation, the traditional turtle meat and turtle egg consumption remains at three quarters of the signatory States.
Fishery is also becoming the focus of concern.Half of the signatory to the report of fixed gill net have severe effects on sea turtle.Shrimp trawling cause turtle become Deputy catches by, has been a serious problem, however, only one signatory taken effective measures to solve this problem.There are other harmful illegal fishing activities have been put on record, some destructive fishing methods start coming back, such as the use of explosives and poison.
The development of coastal areas, such as the negative consequences of tourism, has also become a focus of attention.The project's Advisory Committee, said Dr Jack Frazier: “ in most of the Indian Ocean region, coastal development, particularly tourism facilities construction quickly.On sea turtle nesting beaches and turtle foraging and rest of the nearshore beaches, the negative effects caused by growing significantly.”
Is expected to have more than 30 countries of the official delegation will attend the Bali meeting.The meeting will discuss an ambitious conservation and management plan to implement the programme involves the field of the 24 project.The meeting will focus case studies, including coastal development problems, fisheries and the turtle of a large project in India and Indonesia to tuna longline fishing industry.The meeting also discusses the establishment of a turtle and endangered habitats in the network.
Recently also will introduce some sharing of information and monitoring turtle number of new tools, such as recently upgraded IOSEA online reporting system.The line database at: http://www.ioseaturtles.org/report.php, website involved, the Indian Ocean and Southeast Asian turtle haunted 700 key locations.Users can query the system to obtain relevant information, such as a sea turtle species occur, they place in a particular threat faced by, and is implementing mitigation measures that ongoing research activities.Google maps provide all information of high resolution satellite images.
[edit] law of this paragraph
All turtles are in the CITES Convention (CITES) law protection, does not allow any turtle products traded.Even from abroad brings any turtle products are an offence.
Sea turtles there is not currently enlisted in the list of animal protection in China.But as the international wildlife trade one of the Convention on the Member States, China always supports prohibit any turtle products traded.
[edit] network of this paragraph the words
Overseas officers.Formerly ” “ returned, and now use more is known as “ turtles homonym ”. This is known as the network.
[edit the value of this paragraph] diet therapy
Turtle species turtle meat.The distribution of the Yellow Sea turtles and South China Sea.Get the main extraction, after the flesh and blood standby.
Sexual taste flat.Be delicious, moistening the cough.For ganshenyingxuxing, hot flashes, night sweats or dryness and Yin with lung, gasp cough short gas, etc.Can be cooking or fried soup.
温馨提示：答案为网友推荐，仅供参考
第1个回答 2009-07-22
楼上中翻英的痕迹太明显了，还有“老寿星”，是网络软件翻的吧。虽然也费了心，但是那是连英国人都看不懂的英文。
最好从英文网站上找原文的，例如维基百科，在国内可能被pingbi了。
Sea turtle
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Sauropsida
Order: Testudines
Suborder: Cryptodira
Superfamily: Chelonioidea
Bauer, 1893
Genera
Family Cheloniidae (Oppel, 1811)
Caretta
Chelonia
Eretmochelys
Lepidochelys
Natator
Family Dermochelyidae
Dermochelys
Family Protostegidae (extinct)
Family Toxochelyidae (extinct)
Family Thalassemyidae (extinct)
Sea Turtles (superfamily Chelonioidea) inhabit all the world's oceans except the Arctic.
Distribution
The superfamily Chelonioidea has a worldwide distribution; sea turtles can be found in all oceans except for the polar regions.[citation needed] Some species travel between oceans. The Flatback turtle is found solely on the northern coast of Australia.
Biology
Air breathers
A Green turtle breaks the surface to breathe.Sea turtles are almost always submerged but breathe air. With a single explosive exhalation and rapid inhalation, sea turtles can quickly refill their lungs when they surface. Their lungs have adapted to permit rapid exchange of oxygen and to avoid trapping gasses during deep dives. During routine activity green and loggerhead turtles dive for about 4 to 5 minutes and surface to breathe for 1 to 3 seconds.
Turtles can rest or sleep underwater for several hours at a time but submergence time is much shorter while hunting or to escape predators. Activity and stress affect breath-holding ability, which is why turtles drown in shrimp trawls and other fishing gear within a relatively short time.[1] Turtles must emerge while breeding, given the extra level of activity.
Life history
Green turtle swims above corals at Hawaii
A feeding sea turtle,Chelonia mydasThe longevity of sea turtles has been speculated at 80 years.
After about 3 years of maturing, adult female sea turtles return to land to nest at night. Different species of sea turtles exhibit various levels of philopatry. In the extreme case, females return to the beach where they hatched. This can take place every two to four years in maturity. They make from one to eight nests per season.
The mature nesting female hauls herself onto the beach and finds suitable sand on which to create a nest. Using her hind flippers, she digs a circular hole 40 to 50 centimetres (16 to 20 in) deep. After the hole is dug, the female then starts filling the nest with a clutch of soft-shelled eggs one by one until she has deposited around 150 to 200 eggs, depending on the species. Some species have been reported to lay 250 eggs, though this is not definitive. After laying, she re-fills the nest with sand, re-sculpting and smoothing the surface until it is relatively undetectable visually. The whole process takes thirty to sixty minutes. She then returns to the ocean, leaving the eggs untended.[2]
The hatchling's gender depends on the sand temperature. Lighter sands maintain higher temperatures, which decreases incubation time and results in more female hatchlings.
Incubation takes about two months. The eggs in one nest hatch together over a very short period of time.When ready, hatchlings tear their shells apart with their snout and dig through the sand. Once they reach the surface, they instinctively head towards the sea. Only a very small proportion of each hatch (usually .01%) succeed, because local opportunist predators such as the common seagull gorge on the new turtles.
The survivors then proceed into the open ocean. In 1987 Carr discovered that the young of Chelonia mydas and Caretta caretta spent a great deal of their pelagic lives in floating sargassum beds, where are thick mats of unanchored seaweed. Within these beds, they found ample shelter and food. In the absence of sargassum beds, turtle young feed in the vicinity of upwelling "fronts".[3] In 2007, Reich determined that green turtle hatchlings spend the first three to five years of their lives in pelagic waters. In the open ocean, pre-juveniles of this particular species were found to feed on zooplankton and smaller nekton before they are recruited into inshore seagrass meadows as obligate herbivores.[4][5]
Instead of nesting individually like the other species, Ridley turtles come ashore en masse, known as an "arribada" (arrival). With the Kemp's Ridley this occurs during the day.
Salt gland
Sea turtles possess a salt excretory gland at the corner of the eye, in the nostrils, or in the tongue, depending upon the species; chelonian salt glands are found in the corner of the eyes in leatherback turtles. Due to the iso-osmotic makeup of jellyfish and the other gelatinous prey upon which sea turtles subsist, sea turtle diets are high in salt; chelonian salt gland excretions are almost entirely composed of sodium chloride1500-1800 mosmoll-1 (Marshall and Cooper, 1988; Nicolson and Lutz, 1989; Reina and Cooper, 2000).
Importance to humans
Moche Sea Turtle. 200 A.D. Larco Museum Collection Lima, Peru.
"Manner in which Natives of the East Coast strike turtle." Near Cooktown, Australia. From Phillip Parker King's Survey. 1818.Marine turtles are caught worldwide, although it is illegal to hunt most species in many countries.[6][7] A great deal of intentional marine turtle harvests worldwide are for food.
Many parts of the world have long considered sea turtles to be fine dining. Ancient Chinese texts dating to the fifth century B.C. describe sea turtles as exotic delicacies.[8] Many coastal communities around the world depend on sea turtles as a source of protein, often harvesting several turtles at once and keeping them alive on their backs until needed. Coastal peoples gather turtle eggs for consumption.[9]
Turtles are popular in Mexico as boot material and food.[10]
To a much lesser extent, specific species of marine turtles are targeted not for their flesh, but for their shells. Tortoiseshell, a traditional decorative ornamental material used in Japan and China, comes from the carapace scutes of the hawksbill turtle.[11][12] Ancient Greeks and ancient Romans processed turtle scutes (primarily from the hawksbill) for various articles and ornaments used by their elites, such as combs and brushes.[13] The skin of the flippers are prized for use as shoes and assorted leather-goods.
The Moche people of ancient Peru worshipped the sea and its animals. They often depicted sea turtles in their art.[14]
Sea turtles enjoy immunity from the sting of the deadly box jellyfish and regularly eat them, helping keep tropical beaches safe for humans.
Conservation
Legal notice posted by nest at Boca Raton, FloridaAll species of sea turtles are listed as threatened or endangered. The leatherback, Kemp's Ridley, and Hawksbill turtles are critically endangered. The Olive Ridley and green turtles are endangered, and the loggerhead is threatened.[15] The flatback's conservation status is unclear due to a lack of data.
One of the most significant threats now comes from bycatch due to imprecise fishing methods. Donnelly points to long-lining as a major cause of accidental sea turtle death,[16] There is also black market demand for tortoiseshell for both decoration and supposed health benefits.[17]
Turtles must surface to breathe. Caught in a fisherman's net, they are unable to surface and thus suffocate. In early 2007, almost a thousand sea turtles were killed inadvertently in the Bay of Bengal over the course of a few months after netting.[18]
However, some relatively inexpensive changes to fishing techniques, such as slightly larger hooks and traps from which sea turtles can escape, can dramatically cut the mortality rate.[19][20] Turtle Excluder Devices (TEDS) have reduced sea turtle bycatch in shrimp nets by 97 percent. Another danger comes from marine debris, especially from abandoned fishing nets in which they can become entangled.
Beach development is another area which threatens sea turtles. Since many turtles return to the same beach each time to nest, development can disrupt the cycle. There has been a movement to protect these areas, in some cases by special police. In some areas, such as the east coast of Florida, conservationists dig up turtle eggs and relocate them to fenced nurseries to protect them from beach traffic.
Since hatchlings find their way to the ocean by crawling towards the brightest horizon, they can become disoriented on developed stretches of coastline. Lighting restrictions can prevent lights from shining on the beach and confusing hatchlings. Turtle-safe lighting uses red or amber LED light, invisible to sea turtles, in place of white light.
Another major threat to sea turtles is black market trade in eggs and meat. This is a problem throughout the world, but especially a concern in the Philippines, India, Indonesia and the coastal nations of Latin America. Estimates reach as high as 35,000 turtles killed a year in Mexico and the same number in Nicaragua. Conservationists in Mexico and the United States have launched "Don't Eat Sea Turtle" campaigns in order to reduce this trade in sea turtle products. These campaigns have involved figures such as Dorismar, Los Tigres del Norte and Mana. Turtles are often consumed during the Catholic holiday, Lent, even though they are reptiles, not fish. Consequently, conservation organizations have written letters to the Pope asking that he declare turtles meat.
A Green Sea Turtle at restClimate change may also cause a threat to sea turtles. Since sand temperature at nesting beaches defines the sex of a turtle while developing in the egg, there is concern that rising temperatures may produce too many females. However, more research is needed to understand how climate change might affect sea turtle gender distribution and what other possible threats it may pose.[21]
Fibropapillomatosis disease causes tumors in sea turtles.
Injured sea turtles are sometimes rescued and rehabilitated by professional organizations such as the Mote Marine Laboratory in Sarasota, Florida, the Marine Mammal Center in Northern California, and the ClearWater Marine Aquarium in Clearwater Florida[22] and the Sea Turtle Inc. organization in South Padre Island, TX.[23] One such turtle, named Nickel for the coin that was found lodged in her throat, lives at the Shedd Aquarium in Chicago.
In the Caribbean, researchers are having some success in assisting a comeback.[24] In September 2007, Corpus Christi, Texas wildlife officials found 128 Kemp's ridley sea turtle nests on Texas beaches, a record number, including 81 on North Padre Island (Padre Island National Seashore) and 4 on Mustang Island. Wildlife officials released 10,594 Kemp's ridleys hatchlings along the Texas coast this year.
Also in 2007, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the National Marine Fisheries Service issued a determination that the leatherback, the hawksbill and the Kemp's Ridley populations were endangered while that of green turtles and olive ridleys were threatened.[25]
In Southeast Asia, the Philippines has had several initiatives dealing with the issue of turtle conservation. In 2007, the province of Batangas in the Philippines declared the catching and eating of Pawikans illegal. However, the law seems to have had little effect as Pawikan eggs are still in demand in Batangan markets. In September 2007, several Chinese poachers were apprehended off the Turtle Islands in the country's southernmost province of Tawi-Tawi. The poachers had collected more than a hundred sea turtles, along with 10,000 turtle eggs.[26]
Fragile ecosystems
Sea turtles on a beach in Hawaii.Sea turtles play key roles in two ecosystem types that are critical to them as well as to humans—oceans and beaches/dunes. In the oceans, for example, sea turtles, especially green sea turtles, are one of very few creatures (manatees are another) that eat the sea grass that grows on the sea floor. Sea grass must be kept short to remain healthy, and beds of healthy sea grass are essential breeding and development areas for many species of fish and other marine life. A decline or loss of sea grass beds would damage these populations, triggering a chain reaction and negatively impact marine and human life.
Beaches and dunes form a fragile ecosystem that depends on vegetation to protect against erosion. Eggs, hatched or unhatched, and hatchlings that fail to make it into the ocean are all nutrient sources for dune vegetation[citation needed]. Every year, sea turtles lay countless eggs on beaches. Along one twenty-mile (32 km) stretch of beach in Florida alone, for example, more than 150,000 pounds of eggs are laid each year.
Taxonomy and evolution
Immature Hawaiian Green turtle in shallow watersSea turtles, along with other turtles and tortoises, are part of the Order Testudines.
The seven living species of sea turtles are: flatback, green sea turtle, Hawksbill, Kemp's Ridley, Leatherback, Loggerhead and Olive Ridley.[27] All species except the leatherback are in the family Cheloniidae. The leatherback belongs to the family Dermochelyidae and is its only member.
The species are primarily distinguished by their anatomy: for instance, the prefrontal scales on the head, the number of and shape of scutes on the carapace, and the type of inframarginal scutes on the plastron. The leatherback is the only sea turtle that does not have a hard shell; instead it bears a mosaic of bony plates beneath its leathery skin. It is the largest sea turtle, measuring 6 to 7 feet (1.8 to 2.1 m) in length at maturity, and 3 to 5 feet (0.91 to 1.5 m) in width, weighing up to 1,300 pounds (590 kg). Other species are smaller, being mostly 2 to 4 feet (0.61 to 1.2 m) and proportionally narrower.[28][not in citation given]
Sea turtles constitute a single radiation that became distinct from all other turtles at least 110 million years ago.
最好从英文网站上找原文的，例如维基百科，在国内可能被pingbi了。
Sea turtle
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Sauropsida
Order: Testudines
Suborder: Cryptodira
Superfamily: Chelonioidea
Bauer, 1893
Genera
Family Cheloniidae (Oppel, 1811)
Caretta
Chelonia
Eretmochelys
Lepidochelys
Natator
Family Dermochelyidae
Dermochelys
Family Protostegidae (extinct)
Family Toxochelyidae (extinct)
Family Thalassemyidae (extinct)
Sea Turtles (superfamily Chelonioidea) inhabit all the world's oceans except the Arctic.
Distribution
The superfamily Chelonioidea has a worldwide distribution; sea turtles can be found in all oceans except for the polar regions.[citation needed] Some species travel between oceans. The Flatback turtle is found solely on the northern coast of Australia.
Biology
Air breathers
A Green turtle breaks the surface to breathe.Sea turtles are almost always submerged but breathe air. With a single explosive exhalation and rapid inhalation, sea turtles can quickly refill their lungs when they surface. Their lungs have adapted to permit rapid exchange of oxygen and to avoid trapping gasses during deep dives. During routine activity green and loggerhead turtles dive for about 4 to 5 minutes and surface to breathe for 1 to 3 seconds.
Turtles can rest or sleep underwater for several hours at a time but submergence time is much shorter while hunting or to escape predators. Activity and stress affect breath-holding ability, which is why turtles drown in shrimp trawls and other fishing gear within a relatively short time.[1] Turtles must emerge while breeding, given the extra level of activity.
Life history
Green turtle swims above corals at Hawaii
A feeding sea turtle,Chelonia mydasThe longevity of sea turtles has been speculated at 80 years.
After about 3 years of maturing, adult female sea turtles return to land to nest at night. Different species of sea turtles exhibit various levels of philopatry. In the extreme case, females return to the beach where they hatched. This can take place every two to four years in maturity. They make from one to eight nests per season.
The mature nesting female hauls herself onto the beach and finds suitable sand on which to create a nest. Using her hind flippers, she digs a circular hole 40 to 50 centimetres (16 to 20 in) deep. After the hole is dug, the female then starts filling the nest with a clutch of soft-shelled eggs one by one until she has deposited around 150 to 200 eggs, depending on the species. Some species have been reported to lay 250 eggs, though this is not definitive. After laying, she re-fills the nest with sand, re-sculpting and smoothing the surface until it is relatively undetectable visually. The whole process takes thirty to sixty minutes. She then returns to the ocean, leaving the eggs untended.[2]
The hatchling's gender depends on the sand temperature. Lighter sands maintain higher temperatures, which decreases incubation time and results in more female hatchlings.
Incubation takes about two months. The eggs in one nest hatch together over a very short period of time.When ready, hatchlings tear their shells apart with their snout and dig through the sand. Once they reach the surface, they instinctively head towards the sea. Only a very small proportion of each hatch (usually .01%) succeed, because local opportunist predators such as the common seagull gorge on the new turtles.
The survivors then proceed into the open ocean. In 1987 Carr discovered that the young of Chelonia mydas and Caretta caretta spent a great deal of their pelagic lives in floating sargassum beds, where are thick mats of unanchored seaweed. Within these beds, they found ample shelter and food. In the absence of sargassum beds, turtle young feed in the vicinity of upwelling "fronts".[3] In 2007, Reich determined that green turtle hatchlings spend the first three to five years of their lives in pelagic waters. In the open ocean, pre-juveniles of this particular species were found to feed on zooplankton and smaller nekton before they are recruited into inshore seagrass meadows as obligate herbivores.[4][5]
Instead of nesting individually like the other species, Ridley turtles come ashore en masse, known as an "arribada" (arrival). With the Kemp's Ridley this occurs during the day.
Salt gland
Sea turtles possess a salt excretory gland at the corner of the eye, in the nostrils, or in the tongue, depending upon the species; chelonian salt glands are found in the corner of the eyes in leatherback turtles. Due to the iso-osmotic makeup of jellyfish and the other gelatinous prey upon which sea turtles subsist, sea turtle diets are high in salt; chelonian salt gland excretions are almost entirely composed of sodium chloride1500-1800 mosmoll-1 (Marshall and Cooper, 1988; Nicolson and Lutz, 1989; Reina and Cooper, 2000).
Importance to humans
Moche Sea Turtle. 200 A.D. Larco Museum Collection Lima, Peru.
"Manner in which Natives of the East Coast strike turtle." Near Cooktown, Australia. From Phillip Parker King's Survey. 1818.Marine turtles are caught worldwide, although it is illegal to hunt most species in many countries.[6][7] A great deal of intentional marine turtle harvests worldwide are for food.
Many parts of the world have long considered sea turtles to be fine dining. Ancient Chinese texts dating to the fifth century B.C. describe sea turtles as exotic delicacies.[8] Many coastal communities around the world depend on sea turtles as a source of protein, often harvesting several turtles at once and keeping them alive on their backs until needed. Coastal peoples gather turtle eggs for consumption.[9]
Turtles are popular in Mexico as boot material and food.[10]
To a much lesser extent, specific species of marine turtles are targeted not for their flesh, but for their shells. Tortoiseshell, a traditional decorative ornamental material used in Japan and China, comes from the carapace scutes of the hawksbill turtle.[11][12] Ancient Greeks and ancient Romans processed turtle scutes (primarily from the hawksbill) for various articles and ornaments used by their elites, such as combs and brushes.[13] The skin of the flippers are prized for use as shoes and assorted leather-goods.
The Moche people of ancient Peru worshipped the sea and its animals. They often depicted sea turtles in their art.[14]
Sea turtles enjoy immunity from the sting of the deadly box jellyfish and regularly eat them, helping keep tropical beaches safe for humans.
Conservation
Legal notice posted by nest at Boca Raton, FloridaAll species of sea turtles are listed as threatened or endangered. The leatherback, Kemp's Ridley, and Hawksbill turtles are critically endangered. The Olive Ridley and green turtles are endangered, and the loggerhead is threatened.[15] The flatback's conservation status is unclear due to a lack of data.
One of the most significant threats now comes from bycatch due to imprecise fishing methods. Donnelly points to long-lining as a major cause of accidental sea turtle death,[16] There is also black market demand for tortoiseshell for both decoration and supposed health benefits.[17]
Turtles must surface to breathe. Caught in a fisherman's net, they are unable to surface and thus suffocate. In early 2007, almost a thousand sea turtles were killed inadvertently in the Bay of Bengal over the course of a few months after netting.[18]
However, some relatively inexpensive changes to fishing techniques, such as slightly larger hooks and traps from which sea turtles can escape, can dramatically cut the mortality rate.[19][20] Turtle Excluder Devices (TEDS) have reduced sea turtle bycatch in shrimp nets by 97 percent. Another danger comes from marine debris, especially from abandoned fishing nets in which they can become entangled.
Beach development is another area which threatens sea turtles. Since many turtles return to the same beach each time to nest, development can disrupt the cycle. There has been a movement to protect these areas, in some cases by special police. In some areas, such as the east coast of Florida, conservationists dig up turtle eggs and relocate them to fenced nurseries to protect them from beach traffic.
Since hatchlings find their way to the ocean by crawling towards the brightest horizon, they can become disoriented on developed stretches of coastline. Lighting restrictions can prevent lights from shining on the beach and confusing hatchlings. Turtle-safe lighting uses red or amber LED light, invisible to sea turtles, in place of white light.
Another major threat to sea turtles is black market trade in eggs and meat. This is a problem throughout the world, but especially a concern in the Philippines, India, Indonesia and the coastal nations of Latin America. Estimates reach as high as 35,000 turtles killed a year in Mexico and the same number in Nicaragua. Conservationists in Mexico and the United States have launched "Don't Eat Sea Turtle" campaigns in order to reduce this trade in sea turtle products. These campaigns have involved figures such as Dorismar, Los Tigres del Norte and Mana. Turtles are often consumed during the Catholic holiday, Lent, even though they are reptiles, not fish. Consequently, conservation organizations have written letters to the Pope asking that he declare turtles meat.
A Green Sea Turtle at restClimate change may also cause a threat to sea turtles. Since sand temperature at nesting beaches defines the sex of a turtle while developing in the egg, there is concern that rising temperatures may produce too many females. However, more research is needed to understand how climate change might affect sea turtle gender distribution and what other possible threats it may pose.[21]
Fibropapillomatosis disease causes tumors in sea turtles.
Injured sea turtles are sometimes rescued and rehabilitated by professional organizations such as the Mote Marine Laboratory in Sarasota, Florida, the Marine Mammal Center in Northern California, and the ClearWater Marine Aquarium in Clearwater Florida[22] and the Sea Turtle Inc. organization in South Padre Island, TX.[23] One such turtle, named Nickel for the coin that was found lodged in her throat, lives at the Shedd Aquarium in Chicago.
In the Caribbean, researchers are having some success in assisting a comeback.[24] In September 2007, Corpus Christi, Texas wildlife officials found 128 Kemp's ridley sea turtle nests on Texas beaches, a record number, including 81 on North Padre Island (Padre Island National Seashore) and 4 on Mustang Island. Wildlife officials released 10,594 Kemp's ridleys hatchlings along the Texas coast this year.
Also in 2007, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the National Marine Fisheries Service issued a determination that the leatherback, the hawksbill and the Kemp's Ridley populations were endangered while that of green turtles and olive ridleys were threatened.[25]
In Southeast Asia, the Philippines has had several initiatives dealing with the issue of turtle conservation. In 2007, the province of Batangas in the Philippines declared the catching and eating of Pawikans illegal. However, the law seems to have had little effect as Pawikan eggs are still in demand in Batangan markets. In September 2007, several Chinese poachers were apprehended off the Turtle Islands in the country's southernmost province of Tawi-Tawi. The poachers had collected more than a hundred sea turtles, along with 10,000 turtle eggs.[26]
Fragile ecosystems
Sea turtles on a beach in Hawaii.Sea turtles play key roles in two ecosystem types that are critical to them as well as to humans—oceans and beaches/dunes. In the oceans, for example, sea turtles, especially green sea turtles, are one of very few creatures (manatees are another) that eat the sea grass that grows on the sea floor. Sea grass must be kept short to remain healthy, and beds of healthy sea grass are essential breeding and development areas for many species of fish and other marine life. A decline or loss of sea grass beds would damage these populations, triggering a chain reaction and negatively impact marine and human life.
Beaches and dunes form a fragile ecosystem that depends on vegetation to protect against erosion. Eggs, hatched or unhatched, and hatchlings that fail to make it into the ocean are all nutrient sources for dune vegetation[citation needed]. Every year, sea turtles lay countless eggs on beaches. Along one twenty-mile (32 km) stretch of beach in Florida alone, for example, more than 150,000 pounds of eggs are laid each year.
Taxonomy and evolution
Immature Hawaiian Green turtle in shallow watersSea turtles, along with other turtles and tortoises, are part of the Order Testudines.
The seven living species of sea turtles are: flatback, green sea turtle, Hawksbill, Kemp's Ridley, Leatherback, Loggerhead and Olive Ridley.[27] All species except the leatherback are in the family Cheloniidae. The leatherback belongs to the family Dermochelyidae and is its only member.
The species are primarily distinguished by their anatomy: for instance, the prefrontal scales on the head, the number of and shape of scutes on the carapace, and the type of inframarginal scutes on the plastron. The leatherback is the only sea turtle that does not have a hard shell; instead it bears a mosaic of bony plates beneath its leathery skin. It is the largest sea turtle, measuring 6 to 7 feet (1.8 to 2.1 m) in length at maturity, and 3 to 5 feet (0.91 to 1.5 m) in width, weighing up to 1,300 pounds (590 kg). Other species are smaller, being mostly 2 to 4 feet (0.61 to 1.2 m) and proportionally narrower.[28][not in citation given]
Sea turtles constitute a single radiation that became distinct from all other turtles at least 110 million years ago.
参考资料： 另外的
