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知识点：
?1． 被动语态：1）被动语态的基本构成形式：主语+助动词be+构成形式2)被动语态的时态：被动语态的时态是通过助动词be的变化拉力体现。这个助动词必须与主语的人称和数相一致。现在以teach为例，将被动语态常用时态列表如下：
一般时态
进行时态
完成时态
现在
am
is taught
are
am
is being taught
are
has
been taught
have
过去
was
taught
were
was
being taught
were
had been taught
将来
shall
be taught
will
-------------
shall
have been taught
will
过去将来
should
be taught
would
---------------
should
have been taught
would
3）主动语态和被动语态的结构相比（箭头表示动作方向）
主动语态：主语（动作发出者）→谓语（及物动词）→宾语（动作承受者）
被动语态：主语（动作承受者）←谓语（be+动词过去分词）←宾语（动作发出者）
He wrote the letter. →The letter was written by him.
4）主动句变被动句的基本句式：
a) 主：主语+助动词（情态动词）+谓语+宾语
被：主语（原宾语）+助动词（情态动词）+be+动词过去分词+by+原主语
如，We will help him.→He will be helped by us.
?a) 主：主语+动词短语+宾语
被：主语（圆宾语）+be+动词短语的过去分词+by+原主语
如，They looked after the babies.→The babies were looked after by them.
?b) 主：主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语
被：主语（间接宾语）+be+动词过去分词+原直接宾语
主语（直接宾语））+be+动词过去分词+to(for)+原间接宾语+（by+原主语）
如，We gave him some magazines.→He was given some magazines.
Some magazines were given to him by us.
【注意】一般将主动句中表示人的间接宾语变为被动句中的主语。
?c) 主：主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语
被：主语（原宾语）+be+过去分词+原宾语补足语
如，They elected him their monitor.→He was elected their monitor.
We told her to have a rest.→She was told to have a rest.
We heard the baby crying.→Thy baby was heard crying.
【注意】如果主动句中宾语补足语是不带to的不定式，变成被动语态后一般要加to.
I saw him go to the church.→He was seen to go to the church.
The boss made Tom work day and night.→Tom was made to work day and night.
【扩展】一般在以下几种情形时，需要使用被动语态。
?1）不知道动作的执行者，只知道动作的承受者时。
When we got there, the room had been cleaned already.
?2）不必要说出或出于礼貌不便说出动作的执行者时。
I was told that you were not honest enough.
3）有必要突出或强调动作的承受者时。
You were asked to answer this question.
?2． divide into"分成，除以"；fall down"落下，跌倒，倒塌"；knock into"撞到，将一物打进另一物"，其中into为介词，后接名词或代词作宾语，也可用于被动语态。
?3． till, until, not...until: 1）till,until均表示"到...时候为止"，指谓语动词的动作或状态延续的时间终点。因此，肯定句中的谓语动词必须是延续性动词。如I worked till late in the afternoon. 2）如果主句谓语动词是终止性动词，则主句的动词要用否定形式，或含有否定意义的词，表示主句的动作"到...才开始发生"。如He and the other doctors did not leave until the operation was over.3）当主句用一般将来时，till, until 导的从句应该用一般现在时表示将来，而不用将来时。如I shall wait here till John arrives.4）用在句首时，until 比till更普遍。5）till, until只可以指时间概念，不可以指空间，距离。6）为了强调，not..until可以转化为下列两种结构：It was not until+时间状语（从句）+that(从句)；Not until+时间状语（从句）+did+主语+谓语+其他。如，He didn't go to bed until he finished his homework.= It was not until he finished his homework that he went to bed.=Not until he finished his homework did he go to bed.直到做完作业，他才去睡觉。
?4． finally, at last, in the end: finally一般指一系列事物或论点的最后一项内容，或用在动词前，表示"等了好久才..."，没有感情色彩。如，Finally, let's do some exercises.最后，让我们做些练习吧。at last往往表示经过一番努力或曲折之后的意思，带有教浓的感情色彩。如At last we arrive home.我们终于到家了。in the end可以与finally和at last通用。
?5． 动词make, let, have, get, keep, leave接复合宾语的用法：1）make后的复合宾语中可由名词，形容词，不带to的不定式，过去分词等作宾语补足语。如The workers made him heard of the workshop.工人们选他当车间主任。【注意】当主动语态的句子变为被动语态时，原句中的宾语为被动句的主语，而原来的宾语补足语则成为了主语补足语。当make用于被动语态时，其不带to的宾语补足语成为主语补足语，这时需要用带to的不定式。2）let后的复合宾语中可由不带to的不定式作宾语补足语。3）have后的复合宾语中可以由不带to的不定式，动词-ing形式，过去分词作宾语补足语。如 I had John cut my hair.我让约翰给我理发了。4）get后的复合宾语中可由形容词，带to的不定式，过去分词等作宾语补足语。如，Finally I got my pay raised.最后我的工资涨了。5）keep后的复合宾语中可由形容词，动词-ing形式，过去分词，介词短语等作宾语补足语。如The bad cold kept him in bed for a week.重感冒使他在床上呆了一个星期。6）leave后的复合宾语中可由过去分词，形容词或介词短语作宾语补足语。如，You'd better leave the door open.你最好让门开着。
?6． mistake, fault, error:mistake最通俗，最常用。意思为"错误，误会，误解，弄错"，多指缺乏正确的理解而造成的行动上，认识上的错误。Fault多指性格上的弱点或行为上的过失，强调对过失所应负的责任。Error比较正式，常指按某一标准而发生的错误。如印刷错误，笔误，计算错误，技术错误，语法错误等。
【注意】对于习惯搭配，不要随意替换。Learn by one's mistake从某人的错误中学习；do sth by mistake/ do sth in error弄错了；This is my fault.是我错了。；You guessed wrong(ly).你猜错了。；get it wrong误会，误解
?1． 被动语态：1）被动语态的基本构成形式：主语+助动词be+构成形式2)被动语态的时态：被动语态的时态是通过助动词be的变化拉力体现。这个助动词必须与主语的人称和数相一致。现在以teach为例，将被动语态常用时态列表如下：
一般时态
进行时态
完成时态
现在
am
is taught
are
am
is being taught
are
has
been taught
have
过去
was
taught
were
was
being taught
were
had been taught
将来
shall
be taught
will
-------------
shall
have been taught
will
过去将来
should
be taught
would
---------------
should
have been taught
would
3）主动语态和被动语态的结构相比（箭头表示动作方向）
主动语态：主语（动作发出者）→谓语（及物动词）→宾语（动作承受者）
被动语态：主语（动作承受者）←谓语（be+动词过去分词）←宾语（动作发出者）
He wrote the letter. →The letter was written by him.
4）主动句变被动句的基本句式：
a) 主：主语+助动词（情态动词）+谓语+宾语
被：主语（原宾语）+助动词（情态动词）+be+动词过去分词+by+原主语
如，We will help him.→He will be helped by us.
?a) 主：主语+动词短语+宾语
被：主语（圆宾语）+be+动词短语的过去分词+by+原主语
如，They looked after the babies.→The babies were looked after by them.
?b) 主：主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语
被：主语（间接宾语）+be+动词过去分词+原直接宾语
主语（直接宾语））+be+动词过去分词+to(for)+原间接宾语+（by+原主语）
如，We gave him some magazines.→He was given some magazines.
Some magazines were given to him by us.
【注意】一般将主动句中表示人的间接宾语变为被动句中的主语。
?c) 主：主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语
被：主语（原宾语）+be+过去分词+原宾语补足语
如，They elected him their monitor.→He was elected their monitor.
We told her to have a rest.→She was told to have a rest.
We heard the baby crying.→Thy baby was heard crying.
【注意】如果主动句中宾语补足语是不带to的不定式，变成被动语态后一般要加to.
I saw him go to the church.→He was seen to go to the church.
The boss made Tom work day and night.→Tom was made to work day and night.
【扩展】一般在以下几种情形时，需要使用被动语态。
?1）不知道动作的执行者，只知道动作的承受者时。
When we got there, the room had been cleaned already.
?2）不必要说出或出于礼貌不便说出动作的执行者时。
I was told that you were not honest enough.
3）有必要突出或强调动作的承受者时。
You were asked to answer this question.
?2． divide into"分成，除以"；fall down"落下，跌倒，倒塌"；knock into"撞到，将一物打进另一物"，其中into为介词，后接名词或代词作宾语，也可用于被动语态。
?3． till, until, not...until: 1）till,until均表示"到...时候为止"，指谓语动词的动作或状态延续的时间终点。因此，肯定句中的谓语动词必须是延续性动词。如I worked till late in the afternoon. 2）如果主句谓语动词是终止性动词，则主句的动词要用否定形式，或含有否定意义的词，表示主句的动作"到...才开始发生"。如He and the other doctors did not leave until the operation was over.3）当主句用一般将来时，till, until 导的从句应该用一般现在时表示将来，而不用将来时。如I shall wait here till John arrives.4）用在句首时，until 比till更普遍。5）till, until只可以指时间概念，不可以指空间，距离。6）为了强调，not..until可以转化为下列两种结构：It was not until+时间状语（从句）+that(从句)；Not until+时间状语（从句）+did+主语+谓语+其他。如，He didn't go to bed until he finished his homework.= It was not until he finished his homework that he went to bed.=Not until he finished his homework did he go to bed.直到做完作业，他才去睡觉。
?4． finally, at last, in the end: finally一般指一系列事物或论点的最后一项内容，或用在动词前，表示"等了好久才..."，没有感情色彩。如，Finally, let's do some exercises.最后，让我们做些练习吧。at last往往表示经过一番努力或曲折之后的意思，带有教浓的感情色彩。如At last we arrive home.我们终于到家了。in the end可以与finally和at last通用。
?5． 动词make, let, have, get, keep, leave接复合宾语的用法：1）make后的复合宾语中可由名词，形容词，不带to的不定式，过去分词等作宾语补足语。如The workers made him heard of the workshop.工人们选他当车间主任。【注意】当主动语态的句子变为被动语态时，原句中的宾语为被动句的主语，而原来的宾语补足语则成为了主语补足语。当make用于被动语态时，其不带to的宾语补足语成为主语补足语，这时需要用带to的不定式。2）let后的复合宾语中可由不带to的不定式作宾语补足语。3）have后的复合宾语中可以由不带to的不定式，动词-ing形式，过去分词作宾语补足语。如 I had John cut my hair.我让约翰给我理发了。4）get后的复合宾语中可由形容词，带to的不定式，过去分词等作宾语补足语。如，Finally I got my pay raised.最后我的工资涨了。5）keep后的复合宾语中可由形容词，动词-ing形式，过去分词，介词短语等作宾语补足语。如The bad cold kept him in bed for a week.重感冒使他在床上呆了一个星期。6）leave后的复合宾语中可由过去分词，形容词或介词短语作宾语补足语。如，You'd better leave the door open.你最好让门开着。
?6． mistake, fault, error:mistake最通俗，最常用。意思为"错误，误会，误解，弄错"，多指缺乏正确的理解而造成的行动上，认识上的错误。Fault多指性格上的弱点或行为上的过失，强调对过失所应负的责任。Error比较正式，常指按某一标准而发生的错误。如印刷错误，笔误，计算错误，技术错误，语法错误等。
【注意】对于习惯搭配，不要随意替换。Learn by one's mistake从某人的错误中学习；do sth by mistake/ do sth in error弄错了；This is my fault.是我错了。；You guessed wrong(ly).你猜错了。；get it wrong误会，误解
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