如题所述
1. 动词不定式各种形式有:一般式、完成式、不定式的进行式、不定式的完成进行式、不定式一般式和完成式的被动语态.
以下几种情况用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义:
a. 在某些静态形容词后作状语的不定式:如 easy , hard , difficult , tiresome , good , heavy , interesting 等.
b. 当不定式的动作与所修饰的名词是逻辑上的动宾关系时,可以用主动表示被动.
c. 在 too … to 或 enough to 结构中,不定式主动表被动.
2. 不定式的否定式
不定式的否定形式是在不定式前加否定词 not 或 never 等.
3. 不定式短语
a. 疑问词 + 不定式
在 tell , show , teach , find out , decide , discuss , learn , ask , advise , remember , know 等动词后常用“疑问词 + 不定式”这一结构作其定语.
b. of/ for sb to do
当不定式作主语时,可以有自己的逻辑主语,指明动作的执行者.常常使用 for 来引出不定式的逻辑主语,但当和不定式搭配的形容词是表示主语的品行、性格特征和行为表现时,需要用 of 来代替 for ,引出其逻辑主语.
使用 of 的此类形容词有: kind , foolish , stupid , wise , nice , clever , silly , rude , careless , thoughtful 等.
二、动词不定式充当各种句子成分的具体用法.
动词不定式可以充当除谓语之外的任外的任何句子成分.
1. 不定式作主语
a. 动词不定式可以放在句首作句子的主语,表示某个具体或将来的动作.例如:
To swim in the river is dangerous.
b. 在现代英语中为了平衡句子,人们常用先行词 it 作形式主语,而把真正的作主语不定式放在后边.如:
It is dangerous to swim in the river.
c. 在上述 b 的情况下,可以用介词 for 或 of 来引出动词不定式的逻辑主语.例如:
It is difficult for the foreigners to learn Chinese.
2. 不定式作宾语
a. 动词不定式可以作某些动词的宾语,表示某个具体的动作或行为.例如:
I can't afford to buy a new car.
这样的动词有: wish , hope , manage , ask , offer , promise , pretend , decide 等.
b. 有些动词后既可以接动名词作宾语,也可接不定式作宾语.但表达的意义不尽一样,动名词作宾语表示动作的经常性、习惯性,而不定式作宾语则表示某次具体的活动或行为.这样的动词有: start , begin , continue , fear , like , love 等.例如:
I like swimming, but I don't like to swim in such cold weather. (like swimming 表示一种习惯,而 like to swim in such cold weather 则表示一种具体的动作 )
c. “疑问句 + 不定式”这一结构可以充当某些动词的宾语.
d. 有时可以用 it 作形式宾语,而把真正作宾语的动词不定式放在后面.例如:
I fine it hard to persuade her.
e. 有些动词后面接不定式作宾语表示动作尚未发生,接动名词作宾语表示动作已经发生.如 remember , forget , stop , try , mean 等.例如:
I remember locking the door. ( lock 动作已经发生)
Please remember to lock the door when you leave. ( lock 动作还没有发生)
3. 动词不定式作表语
My job is to teach you English.
4. 动词不定式作宾语补足语
a. 动词不定式可以用在某些动词后面作其宾语补足语.例如:
He helps me to study English.
此类动词有: advise , ask , allow , expect , encourage , force , permit , order , persuade , request , tell , want , wish 等.
b. 但不定式在下列这些词后面作宾补时,不定式符号要去掉.如: make , let , have , see , hear , watch , notice , observe , feel 等.
5. 动词不定式作主语补足语
The boy was made to work all day long.
比较: They made the boy work all day long.
6. 动词不定式作定语
a. 动词不定式可以用在名词后面作定语.例如:
I have many letters to answer.
b. 但如果动词不定式的动词为不及物动词时,要在其后面加上适当的介词.如:
She has only a cold room to live in.
c. 动词不定式作定语还可表示将来发生的动作.例如:
The meeting to be held tomorrow will be of great importance.
7. 动词不定式作状语
a. 表目的.例如:
He worked hard to support his large family.
有时为了加强语气,不定式可以提前到句首,也可以用 in order to 或 so as to 来引导目的状语,但是 so as to 不能放在句首.
b. 表结果.例如:
He hurried home to find his wife gone.
有时,可以在不定式前用 only 来加强语气.
c. 表原因.例如:
We are proud to be Chinese.
三、不定式符号的省略
1. 在使役动词 have, let, make 之后.
2. 在感官动词 feel, hear, see, watch, notice, observe, listen to, look at 之后.
3. 在 why 和 why not 之后.
4. 在其他结构之中.如:
a. can do nothing / everything but / except do
b. cannot help / choose but do
c. cannot but do
d. had better do sth
e. would rather do sth
f. help sb (to) do sth 或 help (to) do
四、不定式符号的单独使用
为了避免重复,不定式符号之后的动词原形及其他补充成份可以省略,这种情况常见于非正式文体中.如:
George says he is going to leave Shanghai, but I don't think he really wants to.
原句: George says he is going to leave Shanghai, but I don't think he really wants to leave Shanghai.
如果不定式符号之后的动词原形是 be 或 have done 时,要保留 be 和 have ,而随后的其他成份仍可省略.例如:
— Aren't you the manager?
— No, and I don't want to be. (I don't want to be the manager)
五、动词不定式的特殊用法例句
To tell the truth, the solider was captured. (不定式作独立成份)说实话,那位士兵被俘了.
以下几种情况用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义:
a. 在某些静态形容词后作状语的不定式:如 easy , hard , difficult , tiresome , good , heavy , interesting 等.
b. 当不定式的动作与所修饰的名词是逻辑上的动宾关系时,可以用主动表示被动.
c. 在 too … to 或 enough to 结构中,不定式主动表被动.
2. 不定式的否定式
不定式的否定形式是在不定式前加否定词 not 或 never 等.
3. 不定式短语
a. 疑问词 + 不定式
在 tell , show , teach , find out , decide , discuss , learn , ask , advise , remember , know 等动词后常用“疑问词 + 不定式”这一结构作其定语.
b. of/ for sb to do
当不定式作主语时,可以有自己的逻辑主语,指明动作的执行者.常常使用 for 来引出不定式的逻辑主语,但当和不定式搭配的形容词是表示主语的品行、性格特征和行为表现时,需要用 of 来代替 for ,引出其逻辑主语.
使用 of 的此类形容词有: kind , foolish , stupid , wise , nice , clever , silly , rude , careless , thoughtful 等.
二、动词不定式充当各种句子成分的具体用法.
动词不定式可以充当除谓语之外的任外的任何句子成分.
1. 不定式作主语
a. 动词不定式可以放在句首作句子的主语,表示某个具体或将来的动作.例如:
To swim in the river is dangerous.
b. 在现代英语中为了平衡句子,人们常用先行词 it 作形式主语,而把真正的作主语不定式放在后边.如:
It is dangerous to swim in the river.
c. 在上述 b 的情况下,可以用介词 for 或 of 来引出动词不定式的逻辑主语.例如:
It is difficult for the foreigners to learn Chinese.
2. 不定式作宾语
a. 动词不定式可以作某些动词的宾语,表示某个具体的动作或行为.例如:
I can't afford to buy a new car.
这样的动词有: wish , hope , manage , ask , offer , promise , pretend , decide 等.
b. 有些动词后既可以接动名词作宾语,也可接不定式作宾语.但表达的意义不尽一样,动名词作宾语表示动作的经常性、习惯性,而不定式作宾语则表示某次具体的活动或行为.这样的动词有: start , begin , continue , fear , like , love 等.例如:
I like swimming, but I don't like to swim in such cold weather. (like swimming 表示一种习惯,而 like to swim in such cold weather 则表示一种具体的动作 )
c. “疑问句 + 不定式”这一结构可以充当某些动词的宾语.
d. 有时可以用 it 作形式宾语,而把真正作宾语的动词不定式放在后面.例如:
I fine it hard to persuade her.
e. 有些动词后面接不定式作宾语表示动作尚未发生,接动名词作宾语表示动作已经发生.如 remember , forget , stop , try , mean 等.例如:
I remember locking the door. ( lock 动作已经发生)
Please remember to lock the door when you leave. ( lock 动作还没有发生)
3. 动词不定式作表语
My job is to teach you English.
4. 动词不定式作宾语补足语
a. 动词不定式可以用在某些动词后面作其宾语补足语.例如:
He helps me to study English.
此类动词有: advise , ask , allow , expect , encourage , force , permit , order , persuade , request , tell , want , wish 等.
b. 但不定式在下列这些词后面作宾补时,不定式符号要去掉.如: make , let , have , see , hear , watch , notice , observe , feel 等.
5. 动词不定式作主语补足语
The boy was made to work all day long.
比较: They made the boy work all day long.
6. 动词不定式作定语
a. 动词不定式可以用在名词后面作定语.例如:
I have many letters to answer.
b. 但如果动词不定式的动词为不及物动词时,要在其后面加上适当的介词.如:
She has only a cold room to live in.
c. 动词不定式作定语还可表示将来发生的动作.例如:
The meeting to be held tomorrow will be of great importance.
7. 动词不定式作状语
a. 表目的.例如:
He worked hard to support his large family.
有时为了加强语气,不定式可以提前到句首,也可以用 in order to 或 so as to 来引导目的状语,但是 so as to 不能放在句首.
b. 表结果.例如:
He hurried home to find his wife gone.
有时,可以在不定式前用 only 来加强语气.
c. 表原因.例如:
We are proud to be Chinese.
三、不定式符号的省略
1. 在使役动词 have, let, make 之后.
2. 在感官动词 feel, hear, see, watch, notice, observe, listen to, look at 之后.
3. 在 why 和 why not 之后.
4. 在其他结构之中.如:
a. can do nothing / everything but / except do
b. cannot help / choose but do
c. cannot but do
d. had better do sth
e. would rather do sth
f. help sb (to) do sth 或 help (to) do
四、不定式符号的单独使用
为了避免重复,不定式符号之后的动词原形及其他补充成份可以省略,这种情况常见于非正式文体中.如:
George says he is going to leave Shanghai, but I don't think he really wants to.
原句: George says he is going to leave Shanghai, but I don't think he really wants to leave Shanghai.
如果不定式符号之后的动词原形是 be 或 have done 时,要保留 be 和 have ,而随后的其他成份仍可省略.例如:
— Aren't you the manager?
— No, and I don't want to be. (I don't want to be the manager)
五、动词不定式的特殊用法例句
To tell the truth, the solider was captured. (不定式作独立成份)说实话,那位士兵被俘了.
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第1个回答 2021-10-01
不定式作为非谓语,有一般式、进行式和完成式三种形式,其中每一种又分为主动式和被动式。
不定式的被动语态其实就是不定式的被动式,即to be done, to be being done和to have been done。
- to be done一般用于动作将要被做,如:The meeting is to be held next week. 会议将于下周举办。to be being done的结构存在,但是很少有人用,用来指动作正在被做。如:This doesn't appear to be being done currently. 这似乎最近并没有在被做。to have been done指动作已经完成且是被做。如:The telephone is believed to have invented in 1860。电话被认为是在1860年发明的。