老师要我们查资料!拜托,因为这个很有名,所以想要知道!谢谢~
美国,自由女神像,文化遗产,1984年列入世界遗产名录。
女神像的钢铁骨架由设计巴黎铁塔的埃菲尔设计,雕像由法国雕刻家维雷勃杜克设计,并在巴黎完成。法国政府将这一标志自由的纪念像,作为庆祝美国独立100周年的礼物赠给美国。自从1886年落成以来,它耸立在纽约港的入口。
自由女神像,作为美国象征,位于美国纽约市曼哈顿以西的一个小岛--自由岛上,她手持火炬,矗立在纽约港入口处,日夜守望着这座大都会,迎来了自19世纪末以来到美国定居的千百万移民。1984年,它被列入世界遗产名录。
自由女神像是法国人民赠给美国人民的礼物,是自由的象征,女神像高46米,连同底座总高约100米,是那时世界上最高的纪念性建筑,其全称为"自由女神铜像国家纪念碑",正式名称是"照耀世界的自由女神",整座铜像以120吨的钢铁为骨架,80吨铜片为外皮,以30万只柳钉装配固定在支架上,总重量达225吨,铜像内部的钢铁支架是由建筑师维雷勃杜克和以建造巴黎埃菲尔铁塔闻名于世界的法国工程师埃菲尔设计制作的。
女神双唇紧闭,戴光芒四射的冠冕,身着罗马式宽松长袍,右手高擎象征自由的几米长的火炬,左手紧握一铜板,上面用罗马数字刻着《美国独立宣言》发表的日期--公元1776年7月4日,脚上散落着已断裂的锁链,右脚跟抬起作行进状,整体为挣脱枷锁、挺身前行的反抗者形象,女神气宇轩昂、神态刚毅,给人以凛然不可侵犯之感。而其端庄丰盈的体态又似一位古希腊美女,使人感到亲切而自然。当夜暮降临时,神像基座的灯光向上照射,将女神映照得宛若一座淡青色的玉雕。而从女神冠冕的窗孔中射出的灯光,又好像在女神头上缀了一串闪着金黄色的亮光,给热闹而喧嚣的大都会平添了一处颇为壮观的夜景。创造这一艺术杰作的是法国雕塑家巴特尔迪,女神的形象源于他在17岁时亲眼目睹的激动人心的一幕:1851年,路易·波拿巴发动了推翻法兰西第二共和国的政变。一天,一群共和国党人在街头筑起防御公事,与政变者展开巷战。暮色时分,一位忠于共和政权的年轻姑娘,手持燃烧的火炬,跃过障碍物,高呼"前进"的口号向敌人冲去,不幸中弹牺牲。从此,这位高擎火炬的勇敢姑娘就成了雕塑家心中追求自由的象征,另外,女神像的形体以巴特尔迪后来的妻子为原型创作,面容则取自他的母亲。
1869年,巴特尔完成了自由女神像的草图设计。1874年造像工程开工,到1884年完全造竣,前后历时十年,雕像仅食指就有2.5米长,1米宽,指甲则有75厘米厚。
1884年7月6日,自由女神像正式赠送给美国。8月5日,神像底座奠基工程开始,基座高约27米,由花岗石混凝土制成。基座下面是打入弗特伍德古堡中心部位6米深处的混凝土巨柱。该古堡是一座军用炮台,呈八角星状,于1808-1811年为加强纽约港的防卫而建,1840年翻新。1885年6月,整个塑像被分成200多块装箱,用拖轮从法国里昂运到了纽约。1886年10月中旬,75名工人在脚手架上将30只铆钉和约100块零件,组合一处。28日,美国总统克利夫兰亲自主持了万人参加的自由女神像的揭幕典礼。1916年,威尔逊总统为女神像安装了昼夜不灭的照明系统并主持了竣工仪式。1942年美国政府做出决定,将自由女神像列为美国国家级文物。
一个多世纪以来,耸立在自由岛上的自由女神铜像已成为美利坚民族和美法人民友谊的象征,永远表达着美国人民争取民主、向往自由的崇高理想。(
女神像的钢铁骨架由设计巴黎铁塔的埃菲尔设计,雕像由法国雕刻家维雷勃杜克设计,并在巴黎完成。法国政府将这一标志自由的纪念像,作为庆祝美国独立100周年的礼物赠给美国。自从1886年落成以来,它耸立在纽约港的入口。
自由女神像,作为美国象征,位于美国纽约市曼哈顿以西的一个小岛--自由岛上,她手持火炬,矗立在纽约港入口处,日夜守望着这座大都会,迎来了自19世纪末以来到美国定居的千百万移民。1984年,它被列入世界遗产名录。
自由女神像是法国人民赠给美国人民的礼物,是自由的象征,女神像高46米,连同底座总高约100米,是那时世界上最高的纪念性建筑,其全称为"自由女神铜像国家纪念碑",正式名称是"照耀世界的自由女神",整座铜像以120吨的钢铁为骨架,80吨铜片为外皮,以30万只柳钉装配固定在支架上,总重量达225吨,铜像内部的钢铁支架是由建筑师维雷勃杜克和以建造巴黎埃菲尔铁塔闻名于世界的法国工程师埃菲尔设计制作的。
女神双唇紧闭,戴光芒四射的冠冕,身着罗马式宽松长袍,右手高擎象征自由的几米长的火炬,左手紧握一铜板,上面用罗马数字刻着《美国独立宣言》发表的日期--公元1776年7月4日,脚上散落着已断裂的锁链,右脚跟抬起作行进状,整体为挣脱枷锁、挺身前行的反抗者形象,女神气宇轩昂、神态刚毅,给人以凛然不可侵犯之感。而其端庄丰盈的体态又似一位古希腊美女,使人感到亲切而自然。当夜暮降临时,神像基座的灯光向上照射,将女神映照得宛若一座淡青色的玉雕。而从女神冠冕的窗孔中射出的灯光,又好像在女神头上缀了一串闪着金黄色的亮光,给热闹而喧嚣的大都会平添了一处颇为壮观的夜景。创造这一艺术杰作的是法国雕塑家巴特尔迪,女神的形象源于他在17岁时亲眼目睹的激动人心的一幕:1851年,路易·波拿巴发动了推翻法兰西第二共和国的政变。一天,一群共和国党人在街头筑起防御公事,与政变者展开巷战。暮色时分,一位忠于共和政权的年轻姑娘,手持燃烧的火炬,跃过障碍物,高呼"前进"的口号向敌人冲去,不幸中弹牺牲。从此,这位高擎火炬的勇敢姑娘就成了雕塑家心中追求自由的象征,另外,女神像的形体以巴特尔迪后来的妻子为原型创作,面容则取自他的母亲。
1869年,巴特尔完成了自由女神像的草图设计。1874年造像工程开工,到1884年完全造竣,前后历时十年,雕像仅食指就有2.5米长,1米宽,指甲则有75厘米厚。
1884年7月6日,自由女神像正式赠送给美国。8月5日,神像底座奠基工程开始,基座高约27米,由花岗石混凝土制成。基座下面是打入弗特伍德古堡中心部位6米深处的混凝土巨柱。该古堡是一座军用炮台,呈八角星状,于1808-1811年为加强纽约港的防卫而建,1840年翻新。1885年6月,整个塑像被分成200多块装箱,用拖轮从法国里昂运到了纽约。1886年10月中旬,75名工人在脚手架上将30只铆钉和约100块零件,组合一处。28日,美国总统克利夫兰亲自主持了万人参加的自由女神像的揭幕典礼。1916年,威尔逊总统为女神像安装了昼夜不灭的照明系统并主持了竣工仪式。1942年美国政府做出决定,将自由女神像列为美国国家级文物。
一个多世纪以来,耸立在自由岛上的自由女神铜像已成为美利坚民族和美法人民友谊的象征,永远表达着美国人民争取民主、向往自由的崇高理想。(
参考资料:http://www.edu-chn.com/newsadmin/htmlnews/7272005/0001024013111136.html
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第1个回答 2009-11-08
名称:自由女神像(Statue of Liberty,Statue de la liberté),又称“自由照耀世界”(英语: Liberty Enlightening the World,法语:Liberté éclairant le monde)
作者:巴托尔迪、维雷勃杜克
时间:1874~1884年
材质:钢、铜
规格:高46米(加基座为93米),重200多吨
地理坐标:40°41'21.17"N,74°02'40.41W
简介:
是法国在1876年赠送给美国的独立100周年礼物,位于美国纽约市哈德逊河口附近。是雕像所在的自由岛的重要观光景点。(原来法国计划送给埃及的,因为神像是女性被埃及拒绝,后转送给美国成为纽约市甚至全美国的标志。)
法国著名雕塑家巴托尔迪历时10年艰辛完成了雕像的雕塑工作,女神的外貌设计来源于雕塑家的母亲,而女神高举火炬的右手则是以雕塑家妻子的手臂为蓝本。
自由女神穿着古希腊风格的服装,头戴光芒四射的冠冕,有象征世界七大洲及四大洋的七道尖芒。女神右手高举象征自由的长达12米的火炬,左手捧着刻有1776年7月4日的《独立宣言》,脚下是打碎的手铐、脚镣和锁链。她象征着自由、挣脱暴政的约束。花岗岩构筑的神像基座上,镌刻着美国女诗人埃玛·娜莎罗其的一首脍炙人口的诗。雕像锻铁的内部结构是由后来建造了巴黎埃菲尔铁塔的居斯塔夫·埃菲尔设计的。它在1886年10月28日落成并揭幕。
自由女神像高46米,加基座为93米,重200多吨,是金属铸造,置于一座混凝土制的台基上。自由女神的底座是著名的约瑟夫·普利策筹集10万美金建成的,现在的底座是一个美国移民史博物馆。
1984年,自由女神像被列为世界文化遗产。
整座铜像以120吨的钢铁为骨架,80吨铜片为外皮,以30万只铆钉装配固定在支架上,总重量达225吨。
历史
自由女神像的钢铁骨架由设计巴黎铁塔的埃菲尔设计,雕像由法国雕刻家维雷勃杜克设计,并在巴黎完成。法国政府将这一标志自由的纪念像,作为庆祝美国独立100周年的礼物赠给美国。
1869年,巴特尔完成了自由女神像的草图设计。1874年造像工程开工,到1884年完全竣工,前后历时十年。
1884年7月6日,自由女神像正式赠送给美国。8月5日,神像底座奠基工程开始,基座高约27米,由花岗石混凝土制成。基座下面是打入弗特伍德古堡中心部位6米深处的混凝土巨柱。该古堡是一座军用炮台,呈八角星状,于1808-1811年为加强纽约港的防卫而建,1840年翻新。1885年6月,整个塑像被分成200多块装箱,用拖轮从法国里昂运到了纽约。1886年10月中旬,75名工人在脚手架上将30只铆钉和约100块零件,组合一处。
1886年10月28日,纽约港轮船汽笛齐鸣,烟花四起,在21响礼炮声中,格罗弗·克利夫兰总统将北美洲或许是世界上最著名的雕像赠送给了美国人民。从此,进入纽约港的船只上的乘客可以看见屹立的自由女神高举自由火炬。对成千上万个来美国的移民来说,自由女神是摆脱旧世界的贫困和压迫的保证, 自由女神像成了美国的象征。
1916年,威尔逊总统为女神像安装了昼夜不灭的照明系统并主持了竣工仪式。
1942年美国政府做出决定,将自由女神像列为美国国家级文物。
1984年~1986年,曾进行整修。
象征意义
一个多世纪以来,耸立在自由岛上的自由女神铜像已成为美利坚民族和美法人民友谊的象征,永远表达着美国人民争取民主、向往自由的崇高理想。
1851年,路易·波拿巴发动了推翻法兰西第二共和国的政变。一天,一群共和国党人在街头筑起防御公事,与政变者展开巷战。暮色时分,一位忠于共和政权的年轻姑娘,手持燃烧的火炬,跃过障碍物,高呼“前进”的口号向敌人冲去,不幸中弹牺牲。从此,这位高擎火炬的勇敢姑娘就成了雕塑家心中追求自由的象征,另外,女神像的形体以巴特尔迪后来的妻子为原型创作,面容则取自他的母亲。
作者:巴托尔迪、维雷勃杜克
时间:1874~1884年
材质:钢、铜
规格:高46米(加基座为93米),重200多吨
地理坐标:40°41'21.17"N,74°02'40.41W
简介:
是法国在1876年赠送给美国的独立100周年礼物,位于美国纽约市哈德逊河口附近。是雕像所在的自由岛的重要观光景点。(原来法国计划送给埃及的,因为神像是女性被埃及拒绝,后转送给美国成为纽约市甚至全美国的标志。)
法国著名雕塑家巴托尔迪历时10年艰辛完成了雕像的雕塑工作,女神的外貌设计来源于雕塑家的母亲,而女神高举火炬的右手则是以雕塑家妻子的手臂为蓝本。
自由女神穿着古希腊风格的服装,头戴光芒四射的冠冕,有象征世界七大洲及四大洋的七道尖芒。女神右手高举象征自由的长达12米的火炬,左手捧着刻有1776年7月4日的《独立宣言》,脚下是打碎的手铐、脚镣和锁链。她象征着自由、挣脱暴政的约束。花岗岩构筑的神像基座上,镌刻着美国女诗人埃玛·娜莎罗其的一首脍炙人口的诗。雕像锻铁的内部结构是由后来建造了巴黎埃菲尔铁塔的居斯塔夫·埃菲尔设计的。它在1886年10月28日落成并揭幕。
自由女神像高46米,加基座为93米,重200多吨,是金属铸造,置于一座混凝土制的台基上。自由女神的底座是著名的约瑟夫·普利策筹集10万美金建成的,现在的底座是一个美国移民史博物馆。
1984年,自由女神像被列为世界文化遗产。
整座铜像以120吨的钢铁为骨架,80吨铜片为外皮,以30万只铆钉装配固定在支架上,总重量达225吨。
历史
自由女神像的钢铁骨架由设计巴黎铁塔的埃菲尔设计,雕像由法国雕刻家维雷勃杜克设计,并在巴黎完成。法国政府将这一标志自由的纪念像,作为庆祝美国独立100周年的礼物赠给美国。
1869年,巴特尔完成了自由女神像的草图设计。1874年造像工程开工,到1884年完全竣工,前后历时十年。
1884年7月6日,自由女神像正式赠送给美国。8月5日,神像底座奠基工程开始,基座高约27米,由花岗石混凝土制成。基座下面是打入弗特伍德古堡中心部位6米深处的混凝土巨柱。该古堡是一座军用炮台,呈八角星状,于1808-1811年为加强纽约港的防卫而建,1840年翻新。1885年6月,整个塑像被分成200多块装箱,用拖轮从法国里昂运到了纽约。1886年10月中旬,75名工人在脚手架上将30只铆钉和约100块零件,组合一处。
1886年10月28日,纽约港轮船汽笛齐鸣,烟花四起,在21响礼炮声中,格罗弗·克利夫兰总统将北美洲或许是世界上最著名的雕像赠送给了美国人民。从此,进入纽约港的船只上的乘客可以看见屹立的自由女神高举自由火炬。对成千上万个来美国的移民来说,自由女神是摆脱旧世界的贫困和压迫的保证, 自由女神像成了美国的象征。
1916年,威尔逊总统为女神像安装了昼夜不灭的照明系统并主持了竣工仪式。
1942年美国政府做出决定,将自由女神像列为美国国家级文物。
1984年~1986年,曾进行整修。
象征意义
一个多世纪以来,耸立在自由岛上的自由女神铜像已成为美利坚民族和美法人民友谊的象征,永远表达着美国人民争取民主、向往自由的崇高理想。
1851年,路易·波拿巴发动了推翻法兰西第二共和国的政变。一天,一群共和国党人在街头筑起防御公事,与政变者展开巷战。暮色时分,一位忠于共和政权的年轻姑娘,手持燃烧的火炬,跃过障碍物,高呼“前进”的口号向敌人冲去,不幸中弹牺牲。从此,这位高擎火炬的勇敢姑娘就成了雕塑家心中追求自由的象征,另外,女神像的形体以巴特尔迪后来的妻子为原型创作,面容则取自他的母亲。
第2个回答 2009-11-08
美国自由女神像,文化遗产,1984年列入世界遗产名录。
女神像的钢铁骨架由设计巴黎铁塔的埃菲尔设计,雕像由法国雕刻家维雷勃杜克设计,并在巴黎完成。法国政府将这一标志自由的纪念像,作为庆祝美国独立100周年的礼物赠给美国。自从1886年落成以来,它耸立在纽约港的入口。
自由女神像,作为美国象征,位于美国纽约市曼哈顿以西的一个小岛--自由岛上,她手持火炬,矗立在纽约港入口处,日夜守望着这座大都会,迎来了自19世纪末以来到美国定居的千百万移民。1984年,它被列入世界遗产名录。
自由女神像是法国人民赠给美国人民的礼物,是自由的象征,女神像高46米,连同底座总高约100米,是那时世界上最高的纪念性建筑,其全称为"自由女神铜像国家纪念碑",正式名称是"照耀世界的自由女神",
女神像的钢铁骨架由设计巴黎铁塔的埃菲尔设计,雕像由法国雕刻家维雷勃杜克设计,并在巴黎完成。法国政府将这一标志自由的纪念像,作为庆祝美国独立100周年的礼物赠给美国。自从1886年落成以来,它耸立在纽约港的入口。
自由女神像,作为美国象征,位于美国纽约市曼哈顿以西的一个小岛--自由岛上,她手持火炬,矗立在纽约港入口处,日夜守望着这座大都会,迎来了自19世纪末以来到美国定居的千百万移民。1984年,它被列入世界遗产名录。
自由女神像是法国人民赠给美国人民的礼物,是自由的象征,女神像高46米,连同底座总高约100米,是那时世界上最高的纪念性建筑,其全称为"自由女神铜像国家纪念碑",正式名称是"照耀世界的自由女神",
第3个回答 2009-11-08
Statue of Liberty
Liberty Enlightening the World (La liberté éclairant le monde), known more commonly as the Statue of Liberty, is a statue given to the United States by France in 1885, standing at Liberty Island in the mouth of the Hudson River in New York Harbor as a welcome to all visitors, immigrants, and returning Americans. The copper statue, dedicated on October 28, 1886, commemorates the centennial of the United States and is a gesture of friendship between the two nations. The sculptor was Frederic Auguste Bartholdi. Alexandre Gustave Eiffel, the designer of the Eiffel Tower, engineered the internal structure. Eugène Viollet-le-Duc was responsible for the choice of copper in the statue's construction and adoption of the Repoussé technique.
The statue depicts a woman, standing upright, dressed in a flowing robe and a spiked crown, holding a stone tablet close to her body in her left hand and a flaming torch high in her right hand. The statue is made of verdigris copper with the exception of the flame of the torch, which is coated in gold leaf. It stands atop a rectangular stonework pedestal, itself on an irregular eleven-pointed star foundation. The statue is 151 feet, 1 inch tall, with the foundation adding another 154 feet. The tablet contains the text "July IV MDCCLXXVI", commemorating the date of the United States Declaration of Independence. The interior of the pedestal contains a bronze plaque inscribed with the poem The New Colossus by Emma Lazarus.
The Statue of Liberty is one of the most recognizable icons of the U.S. worldwide,[1] and, in a more general sense, represents liberty and escape from oppression. The Statue of Liberty was, from 1886 until the Jet age, often the first glimpse of the United States for millions of immigrants after ocean voyages from Europe. In terms of visual impact, the Statue of Liberty appears to draw inspiration from il Sancarlone or the Colossus of Rhodes.
History
Discussions in France over a suitable gift to the United States to mark the Centennial of the American Declaration of Independence were headed by the politician and sympathetic writer of the history of the United States, Édouard René Lefèvre de Laboulaye. French sculptor Frederic Auguste Bartholdi was commissioned to design a sculpture with the year 1876 in mind for completion. The idea for the commemorative gift then grew out of the political turmoil which was shaking France at the time. The French Third Republic was still considered as a "temporary" arrangement by many, who wished a return to Monarchism, or to some form of constitutional authoritarianism which they had known under Napoleon. The idea of giving a colossal representation of republican virtues to a "sister" republic across the sea served as a focus for the republican cause against other politicians.
Various sources cite different models for the face of the statue. One indicated the then-recently widowed Isabella Eugenie Boyer, the wife of Isaac Singer, the sewing-machine industrialist. "She was rid of the uncouth presence of her husband, who had left her with only his most socially desirable attributes: his fortune and... his children. She was, from the beginning of her career in Paris, a well-known figure. As the good-looking French widow of an American industrialist she was called upon to be Bartholdi's model for the Statue of Liberty." [2] Another source believed that the "stern face" belonged to Bartholdi's mother, Charlotte Bartholdi (1801-1891), with whom he was very close. [3] National Geographic magazine also pointed to his mother, noting that Bartholdi never denied nor explained the resemblance. [4] The first model, on a small scale, was built in 1870. This first statue is now in the Jardin du Luxembourg in Paris.
While in a visit to Egypt that was to shift his artistic perspective from simply grand to colossal, Bartholdi was inspired by the project of Suez Canal which was being undertaken by Count Ferdinand de Lesseps who later became a life-long friend to him. He envisioned a giant lighthouse standing at the entrance to Suez Canal and drew plans for it. It would be patterned after the Roman goddess Libertas, modified to resemble a robed Egyptian peasant, a fallaha, with light beaming out from both a headband and a torch thrust dramatically upward into the skies. Bartholdi presented his plans to the Egyptian Khediev, Isma'il Pasha, in 1867 and, with revisions, again in 1869, but the project was never commissioned.[5], [6]
It was agreed upon that in a joint effort the American people were to build the base, and the French people were responsible for the Statue and its assembly in the United States. However, lack of funds was a problem on both sides of the Atlantic. In France, public fees, various forms of entertainment, and a lottery were among the methods used to raise the 2,250,000 francs. In the United States, benefit theatrical events, art exhibitions, auctions and prize fights assisted in providing needed funds. Meanwhile in France, Bartholdi required the assistance of an engineer to address structural issues associated with designing such a colossal copper sculpture. Gustave Eiffel (designer of the Eiffel Tower) was commissioned to design the massive iron pylon and secondary skeletal framework which allows the Statue's copper skin to move independently yet stand upright. Eiffel delegated the detailed work to his trusted structural engineer, Maurice Koechlin.
On June 30, 1878, at the Paris Exposition, the completed head of the statue was showcased in the garden of the Trocadéro palace, while other pieces were on display in the Champs de Mars.
Back in America, the site, authorized in New York Harbor by Act of Congress, 1877, was selected by General William Tecumseh Sherman, who settled on Bartholdi's own choice, then known as Bedloe's Island, where there was already an early 19th century star-shaped fortification.
Bartholdi's design patentOn February 18, 1879, Bartholdi was granted a design patent, U.S. Patent D11023, on "a statue representing Liberty enlightening the world, the same consisting, essentially, of the draped female figure, with one arm upraised, bearing a torch, and while the other holds an inscribed tablet, and having upon the head a diadem, substantially as set forth." The patent described the head as having "classical, yet severe and calm, features," noted that the body is "thrown slightly over to the left so as to gravitate upon the left leg, the whole figure thus being in equilibrium," and covered representations in "any manner known to the glyptic art in the form of a statue or statuette, or in alto-relievo or bass-relief, in metal, stone, terra-cotta, plaster-of-paris, or other plastic composition."[7]
Fundraising for the pedestal, led by William M. Evarts, was going slowly, so Joseph Pulitzer (who established the Pulitzer Prize) opened up the editorial pages of his newspaper, The World, to support the fund raising effort. Pulitzer used his newspaper to criticize both the rich, who had failed to finance the pedestal construction, and the middle class who were content to rely upon the wealthy to provide the funds[citation needed]. Pulitzer's campaign of harsh criticism was successful in motivating the people of America to donate. (It also promoted his newspaper, which purportedly added ~50,000 subscribers in the course of the statue campaign effort.)
Financing for the pedestal, designed by American architect Richard Morris Hunt, was completed in August 1884. The cornerstone was laid on August 5, and pedestal construction was finished on April 22, 1886. When the last stone of the pedestal was swung into place the masons reached into their pockets and showered into the mortar a collection of silver coins.
Built into the pedestal's massive masonry are two sets of four iron girders, connected by iron tie beams that are carried up to become part of Eiffel's framework for the statue itself. Thus Liberty is integral with her pedestal.
The Statue was completed in France in July, 1884 and arrived in New York Harbor on June 17, 1885 on board the French frigate Isere. To prepare for transit, the Statue was reduced to 350 individual pieces and packed in 214 crates. (The right arm and the torch, which were completed earlier, had been exhibited at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1876, and thereafter at Madison Square in New York City.) The Statue was re-assembled on her new pedestal in four months' time. On October 28, 1886, the Statue of Liberty was dedicated by President Grover Cleveland in front of thousands of spectators. (Ironically, it was Cleveland who, as Governor of the State of New York, had earlier vetoed a bill by the New York legislature to contribute $50,000 to the building of the pedestal.) [8] In any event, she was a centennial gift ten years belated.
The Statue of Liberty was a real lighthouse from 1886 to 1902 ([2] [3]). At that time the US Lighthouse board was responsible for its operation. In fact there was a lighthouse keeper and the electric light could be seen for 24 miles (39 km) at sea. There was an electric plant on the island to generate power for the light.
In 1916, the Black Tom Explosion caused $100,000 worth of damage to the statue, embedding shrapnel and eventually leading to the closing of the torch to visitors. The same year, Gutzon Borglum, sculptor of Mount Rushmore, modified the original copper torch by cutting away most of the copper in the flame, retrofitting glass panes and installing an internal light[citation needed]. After these modifications, the torch severely leaked rainwater and snowmelt, accelerating corrosion inside the statue. President Franklin D. Roosevelt rededicated the Statue of Liberty on its 50th anniversary (October 28, 1936).
As with all historic areas administered by the National Park Service, Statue of Liberty National Monument, along with Ellis Island and Liberty Island, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966[citation needed].
In 1984, the Statue of Liberty was added to the World Heritage List. [9]
[edit] Origin of the copper
Historical records make no mention of the source of the copper used in the Statue of Liberty. In the village of Visnes in the municipality of Karmøy, Norway, tradition holds that the copper came from the French-owned Visnes Mine.[10][11] Ore from this mine, refined in France and Belgium, was a significant source of European copper in the late nineteenth century. In 1985, Bell Laboratories used emission spectrography to compare samples of copper from the Visnes Mines and from the Statue of Liberty, found the spectrum of impurities to be very similar, and concluded that the evidence argued strongly for a Norwegian origin of the copper.
[edit] Liberty Centennial
This section does not cite its references or sources.
You can help Wikipedia by introducing appropriate citations.
The Statue of Liberty was one of the earliest beneficiaries of a cause marketing campaign. A 1983 promotion advertised that for each purchase made with an American Express card, American Express would contribute one penny to the renovation of the statue. The campaign generated contributions of $1.7 million to the Statute of Liberty restoration project. In 1984, the statue was closed so that a $62 million renovation could be performed for the statue's centennial. Chrysler chairman Lee Iacocca was appointed by President Reagan to head the commission overseeing the task (but was later dismissed "to avoid any question of conflict" of interest).[12] Workers erected scaffolding around the statue, obscuring it from public view until the rededication on July 4, 1986. Inside work began with workers using liquid nitrogen to remove seven layers of paint applied to the interior of the copper skin over the decades. That left two layers of tar originally applied to plug leaks and prevent corrosion. Blasting with baking soda removed the tar without further damaging the copper. Larger holes in the copper skin had edges smoothed then mated with new copper patches.[citation needed]
Each of the 1,350 shaped iron ribs backing the skin had to be removed and replaced. The iron had experienced galvanic corrosion wherever it contacted the copper skin, losing up to 50% of its thickness. Bartholdi had anticipated the problem and used an asbestos/pitch combination to separate the metals, but the insulation had worn away decades before. New bars of stainless steel bent into matching shapes replaced the iron bars, with Teflon film separating them from the skin for further insulation and friction reduction. Liquid nitrogen was again introduced to parts of the copper skin in a cryogenics process which was treated by a (now defunct) Michigan company called CryoTech[citation needed] to ensure certain individual parts of the statue were strengthened and would last longer after installation.
The internal structure of the upraised right arm was reworked. The statue was erected with the arm offset 18" (0.46 m) to the right and forward of Eiffel's central frame, while the head was offset 24" (0.61 m) to the left, which compromised the framework. Theory held that Bartholdi made the modification without Eiffel's involvement after seeing the arm and head were too close. Engineers considered reinforcements made in 1932 insufficient and added diagonal bracing in 1984 and 1986 to make the arm structurally sound.
[edit] New Torch
Original torch, replaced in 1986.A new torch replaced the original, which was deemed beyond repair because of the extensive 1916 modifications. The 1886 torch is now located in the monument's lobby museum. The new torch has gold plating applied to the exterior of the "flame," which is illuminated by external lamps on the surrounding balcony platform. Upgraded climate control systems and two elevators (one to the top of the pedestal and a small emergency elevator to the crown) were added. The Statue of Liberty was reopened to the public on July 5, 1986.
[edit] After 9/11
Until September 11, 2001, the interior of the statue was open to visitors. They would arrive by ferry and could climb the circular single-file stairs (limited by the available space) inside the metallic statue, exposed to the sun out in the harbor (the interior reaching extreme temperatures, particularly in summer months), and about 30 people at a time could fit up into her crown. This provided a broad view of New York Harbor (she faces the ocean, and France) through 25 windows, the largest approximately 18" (46 cm) in height. The view did not, therefore, include the skyline of New York City, however. The wait outside regularly exceeded 3 hours, excluding the wait for ferries and ferry tickets.
Liberty Island closed on September 11, 2001; the islands reopened in December, and the statue itself reopened on August 3, 2004. Currently, the museum and ten-story pedestal are open for visitation. The interior of the statue remains closed, although a glass ceiling in the pedestal allows for views of Eiffel's iron framework.
Visitors to Liberty Island and the Statue are currently subject to restrictions, including personal searches similar to the security found in airports.
That was not the first time, however, that the Statue of Liberty had been threatened by terrorism. On February 18, 1965, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) announced it had uncovered a plot by three commandos from the Black Liberation Front, who were connected to Cuba, and a female co-conspirator from Montreal seeking independence for Quebec from Canada, who were sent to destroy the statue and at least two other national shrines - the Liberty Bell in Philadelphia and the Washington Monument in Washington, D.C.
In June 2006, a bill, S. 3597, was proposed in Congress which, if approved, could re-open the crown and interior of the Statue of Liberty to visitors. Approval or disapproval of this bill will probably occur in early- to mid-2007.[13]
On August 9, 2006 National Park Service Director Fran Mainella, in a letter to Congressman Anthony Weiner of New York stated that the crown and interior of the statue would remain closed indefinitely. The letter stated that "the current access patterns reflect a responsible management strategy in the best interests of all our visitors.".[14]
[edit] Jumps
At 2:45 p.m. on February 2, 1912, steeplejack Frederick R. Law successfully performed a parachute jump from the observation platform surrounding the torch. It was done with the permission of the army captain administering the island. The New York Times reported that he "fell fully seventy-five feet [23 m] like a dead weight, the parachute showing no inclination whatsoever to open at first", but he then descended "gracefully", landed hard, and limped away.[15]
The first and so far only death on Liberty Island occurred on May 13, 1929. The Times reported a witness as saying the man, later identified as Ralph Gleason, crawled out through one of the windows of the crown, turned around as if to return, "seemed to slip" and "shot downward, bouncing off the breasts of the statue in the plunge." The body landed on a patch of grass at the base, just a few feet from a workman who was mowing the grass.[16]
自由女神像
自由女神像(Statue of Liberty),又称“自由照耀世界”(英语:Liberty Enlightening the World,法语:Liberté éclairant le monde),是法国在1876年赠送给美国的独立100周年礼物,位於美国纽约市哈德逊河口附近。雕像所在的自由岛是观光重点。
法国著名雕塑家巴托尔迪历时10年艰辛完成了雕像的雕塑工作,女神的外貌设计来源于雕塑家的母亲,而女神高举火炬的右手则是以雕塑家妻子的手臂为蓝本。
自由女神穿着古希腊风格的服装,所戴头冠有象征世界七大洲及七大洋的七道尖芒。女神右手高举象征自由的火炬,左手捧着刻有1776年7月4日的《独立宣言》,脚下是打碎的手铐、脚镣和锁链。她象征着自由、挣脱暴政的约束,在1886年10月28日落成并揭幕。雕像锻铁的内部结构是由后来建造了巴黎埃菲尔铁塔的居斯塔夫·埃菲尔设计的。
自由女神像高46米,加基座为93米,重200多吨,是金属铸造,置于一座混凝土制的台基上。自由女神的底座是著名的约瑟夫·普利策筹集10万美金建成的,现在的底座是一个美国移民史博物馆。
1984年,自由女神像被列为世界文化遗产。
数据
搭建安装雕像所用时间 3个半月
手的长度 5.5米
雕像的厚度 8米
雕像头部可容纳的人 40人数
雕像总重 (80吨铜 + 120吨钢) 200吨
铜板的厚度 2.37毫米
从法国搬运到美国时所用的集装箱数 210个
建造支出 343 000欧元
开工日期 1866年7月12日
Liberty Enlightening the World (La liberté éclairant le monde), known more commonly as the Statue of Liberty, is a statue given to the United States by France in 1885, standing at Liberty Island in the mouth of the Hudson River in New York Harbor as a welcome to all visitors, immigrants, and returning Americans. The copper statue, dedicated on October 28, 1886, commemorates the centennial of the United States and is a gesture of friendship between the two nations. The sculptor was Frederic Auguste Bartholdi. Alexandre Gustave Eiffel, the designer of the Eiffel Tower, engineered the internal structure. Eugène Viollet-le-Duc was responsible for the choice of copper in the statue's construction and adoption of the Repoussé technique.
The statue depicts a woman, standing upright, dressed in a flowing robe and a spiked crown, holding a stone tablet close to her body in her left hand and a flaming torch high in her right hand. The statue is made of verdigris copper with the exception of the flame of the torch, which is coated in gold leaf. It stands atop a rectangular stonework pedestal, itself on an irregular eleven-pointed star foundation. The statue is 151 feet, 1 inch tall, with the foundation adding another 154 feet. The tablet contains the text "July IV MDCCLXXVI", commemorating the date of the United States Declaration of Independence. The interior of the pedestal contains a bronze plaque inscribed with the poem The New Colossus by Emma Lazarus.
The Statue of Liberty is one of the most recognizable icons of the U.S. worldwide,[1] and, in a more general sense, represents liberty and escape from oppression. The Statue of Liberty was, from 1886 until the Jet age, often the first glimpse of the United States for millions of immigrants after ocean voyages from Europe. In terms of visual impact, the Statue of Liberty appears to draw inspiration from il Sancarlone or the Colossus of Rhodes.
History
Discussions in France over a suitable gift to the United States to mark the Centennial of the American Declaration of Independence were headed by the politician and sympathetic writer of the history of the United States, Édouard René Lefèvre de Laboulaye. French sculptor Frederic Auguste Bartholdi was commissioned to design a sculpture with the year 1876 in mind for completion. The idea for the commemorative gift then grew out of the political turmoil which was shaking France at the time. The French Third Republic was still considered as a "temporary" arrangement by many, who wished a return to Monarchism, or to some form of constitutional authoritarianism which they had known under Napoleon. The idea of giving a colossal representation of republican virtues to a "sister" republic across the sea served as a focus for the republican cause against other politicians.
Various sources cite different models for the face of the statue. One indicated the then-recently widowed Isabella Eugenie Boyer, the wife of Isaac Singer, the sewing-machine industrialist. "She was rid of the uncouth presence of her husband, who had left her with only his most socially desirable attributes: his fortune and... his children. She was, from the beginning of her career in Paris, a well-known figure. As the good-looking French widow of an American industrialist she was called upon to be Bartholdi's model for the Statue of Liberty." [2] Another source believed that the "stern face" belonged to Bartholdi's mother, Charlotte Bartholdi (1801-1891), with whom he was very close. [3] National Geographic magazine also pointed to his mother, noting that Bartholdi never denied nor explained the resemblance. [4] The first model, on a small scale, was built in 1870. This first statue is now in the Jardin du Luxembourg in Paris.
While in a visit to Egypt that was to shift his artistic perspective from simply grand to colossal, Bartholdi was inspired by the project of Suez Canal which was being undertaken by Count Ferdinand de Lesseps who later became a life-long friend to him. He envisioned a giant lighthouse standing at the entrance to Suez Canal and drew plans for it. It would be patterned after the Roman goddess Libertas, modified to resemble a robed Egyptian peasant, a fallaha, with light beaming out from both a headband and a torch thrust dramatically upward into the skies. Bartholdi presented his plans to the Egyptian Khediev, Isma'il Pasha, in 1867 and, with revisions, again in 1869, but the project was never commissioned.[5], [6]
It was agreed upon that in a joint effort the American people were to build the base, and the French people were responsible for the Statue and its assembly in the United States. However, lack of funds was a problem on both sides of the Atlantic. In France, public fees, various forms of entertainment, and a lottery were among the methods used to raise the 2,250,000 francs. In the United States, benefit theatrical events, art exhibitions, auctions and prize fights assisted in providing needed funds. Meanwhile in France, Bartholdi required the assistance of an engineer to address structural issues associated with designing such a colossal copper sculpture. Gustave Eiffel (designer of the Eiffel Tower) was commissioned to design the massive iron pylon and secondary skeletal framework which allows the Statue's copper skin to move independently yet stand upright. Eiffel delegated the detailed work to his trusted structural engineer, Maurice Koechlin.
On June 30, 1878, at the Paris Exposition, the completed head of the statue was showcased in the garden of the Trocadéro palace, while other pieces were on display in the Champs de Mars.
Back in America, the site, authorized in New York Harbor by Act of Congress, 1877, was selected by General William Tecumseh Sherman, who settled on Bartholdi's own choice, then known as Bedloe's Island, where there was already an early 19th century star-shaped fortification.
Bartholdi's design patentOn February 18, 1879, Bartholdi was granted a design patent, U.S. Patent D11023, on "a statue representing Liberty enlightening the world, the same consisting, essentially, of the draped female figure, with one arm upraised, bearing a torch, and while the other holds an inscribed tablet, and having upon the head a diadem, substantially as set forth." The patent described the head as having "classical, yet severe and calm, features," noted that the body is "thrown slightly over to the left so as to gravitate upon the left leg, the whole figure thus being in equilibrium," and covered representations in "any manner known to the glyptic art in the form of a statue or statuette, or in alto-relievo or bass-relief, in metal, stone, terra-cotta, plaster-of-paris, or other plastic composition."[7]
Fundraising for the pedestal, led by William M. Evarts, was going slowly, so Joseph Pulitzer (who established the Pulitzer Prize) opened up the editorial pages of his newspaper, The World, to support the fund raising effort. Pulitzer used his newspaper to criticize both the rich, who had failed to finance the pedestal construction, and the middle class who were content to rely upon the wealthy to provide the funds[citation needed]. Pulitzer's campaign of harsh criticism was successful in motivating the people of America to donate. (It also promoted his newspaper, which purportedly added ~50,000 subscribers in the course of the statue campaign effort.)
Financing for the pedestal, designed by American architect Richard Morris Hunt, was completed in August 1884. The cornerstone was laid on August 5, and pedestal construction was finished on April 22, 1886. When the last stone of the pedestal was swung into place the masons reached into their pockets and showered into the mortar a collection of silver coins.
Built into the pedestal's massive masonry are two sets of four iron girders, connected by iron tie beams that are carried up to become part of Eiffel's framework for the statue itself. Thus Liberty is integral with her pedestal.
The Statue was completed in France in July, 1884 and arrived in New York Harbor on June 17, 1885 on board the French frigate Isere. To prepare for transit, the Statue was reduced to 350 individual pieces and packed in 214 crates. (The right arm and the torch, which were completed earlier, had been exhibited at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1876, and thereafter at Madison Square in New York City.) The Statue was re-assembled on her new pedestal in four months' time. On October 28, 1886, the Statue of Liberty was dedicated by President Grover Cleveland in front of thousands of spectators. (Ironically, it was Cleveland who, as Governor of the State of New York, had earlier vetoed a bill by the New York legislature to contribute $50,000 to the building of the pedestal.) [8] In any event, she was a centennial gift ten years belated.
The Statue of Liberty was a real lighthouse from 1886 to 1902 ([2] [3]). At that time the US Lighthouse board was responsible for its operation. In fact there was a lighthouse keeper and the electric light could be seen for 24 miles (39 km) at sea. There was an electric plant on the island to generate power for the light.
In 1916, the Black Tom Explosion caused $100,000 worth of damage to the statue, embedding shrapnel and eventually leading to the closing of the torch to visitors. The same year, Gutzon Borglum, sculptor of Mount Rushmore, modified the original copper torch by cutting away most of the copper in the flame, retrofitting glass panes and installing an internal light[citation needed]. After these modifications, the torch severely leaked rainwater and snowmelt, accelerating corrosion inside the statue. President Franklin D. Roosevelt rededicated the Statue of Liberty on its 50th anniversary (October 28, 1936).
As with all historic areas administered by the National Park Service, Statue of Liberty National Monument, along with Ellis Island and Liberty Island, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966[citation needed].
In 1984, the Statue of Liberty was added to the World Heritage List. [9]
[edit] Origin of the copper
Historical records make no mention of the source of the copper used in the Statue of Liberty. In the village of Visnes in the municipality of Karmøy, Norway, tradition holds that the copper came from the French-owned Visnes Mine.[10][11] Ore from this mine, refined in France and Belgium, was a significant source of European copper in the late nineteenth century. In 1985, Bell Laboratories used emission spectrography to compare samples of copper from the Visnes Mines and from the Statue of Liberty, found the spectrum of impurities to be very similar, and concluded that the evidence argued strongly for a Norwegian origin of the copper.
[edit] Liberty Centennial
This section does not cite its references or sources.
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The Statue of Liberty was one of the earliest beneficiaries of a cause marketing campaign. A 1983 promotion advertised that for each purchase made with an American Express card, American Express would contribute one penny to the renovation of the statue. The campaign generated contributions of $1.7 million to the Statute of Liberty restoration project. In 1984, the statue was closed so that a $62 million renovation could be performed for the statue's centennial. Chrysler chairman Lee Iacocca was appointed by President Reagan to head the commission overseeing the task (but was later dismissed "to avoid any question of conflict" of interest).[12] Workers erected scaffolding around the statue, obscuring it from public view until the rededication on July 4, 1986. Inside work began with workers using liquid nitrogen to remove seven layers of paint applied to the interior of the copper skin over the decades. That left two layers of tar originally applied to plug leaks and prevent corrosion. Blasting with baking soda removed the tar without further damaging the copper. Larger holes in the copper skin had edges smoothed then mated with new copper patches.[citation needed]
Each of the 1,350 shaped iron ribs backing the skin had to be removed and replaced. The iron had experienced galvanic corrosion wherever it contacted the copper skin, losing up to 50% of its thickness. Bartholdi had anticipated the problem and used an asbestos/pitch combination to separate the metals, but the insulation had worn away decades before. New bars of stainless steel bent into matching shapes replaced the iron bars, with Teflon film separating them from the skin for further insulation and friction reduction. Liquid nitrogen was again introduced to parts of the copper skin in a cryogenics process which was treated by a (now defunct) Michigan company called CryoTech[citation needed] to ensure certain individual parts of the statue were strengthened and would last longer after installation.
The internal structure of the upraised right arm was reworked. The statue was erected with the arm offset 18" (0.46 m) to the right and forward of Eiffel's central frame, while the head was offset 24" (0.61 m) to the left, which compromised the framework. Theory held that Bartholdi made the modification without Eiffel's involvement after seeing the arm and head were too close. Engineers considered reinforcements made in 1932 insufficient and added diagonal bracing in 1984 and 1986 to make the arm structurally sound.
[edit] New Torch
Original torch, replaced in 1986.A new torch replaced the original, which was deemed beyond repair because of the extensive 1916 modifications. The 1886 torch is now located in the monument's lobby museum. The new torch has gold plating applied to the exterior of the "flame," which is illuminated by external lamps on the surrounding balcony platform. Upgraded climate control systems and two elevators (one to the top of the pedestal and a small emergency elevator to the crown) were added. The Statue of Liberty was reopened to the public on July 5, 1986.
[edit] After 9/11
Until September 11, 2001, the interior of the statue was open to visitors. They would arrive by ferry and could climb the circular single-file stairs (limited by the available space) inside the metallic statue, exposed to the sun out in the harbor (the interior reaching extreme temperatures, particularly in summer months), and about 30 people at a time could fit up into her crown. This provided a broad view of New York Harbor (she faces the ocean, and France) through 25 windows, the largest approximately 18" (46 cm) in height. The view did not, therefore, include the skyline of New York City, however. The wait outside regularly exceeded 3 hours, excluding the wait for ferries and ferry tickets.
Liberty Island closed on September 11, 2001; the islands reopened in December, and the statue itself reopened on August 3, 2004. Currently, the museum and ten-story pedestal are open for visitation. The interior of the statue remains closed, although a glass ceiling in the pedestal allows for views of Eiffel's iron framework.
Visitors to Liberty Island and the Statue are currently subject to restrictions, including personal searches similar to the security found in airports.
That was not the first time, however, that the Statue of Liberty had been threatened by terrorism. On February 18, 1965, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) announced it had uncovered a plot by three commandos from the Black Liberation Front, who were connected to Cuba, and a female co-conspirator from Montreal seeking independence for Quebec from Canada, who were sent to destroy the statue and at least two other national shrines - the Liberty Bell in Philadelphia and the Washington Monument in Washington, D.C.
In June 2006, a bill, S. 3597, was proposed in Congress which, if approved, could re-open the crown and interior of the Statue of Liberty to visitors. Approval or disapproval of this bill will probably occur in early- to mid-2007.[13]
On August 9, 2006 National Park Service Director Fran Mainella, in a letter to Congressman Anthony Weiner of New York stated that the crown and interior of the statue would remain closed indefinitely. The letter stated that "the current access patterns reflect a responsible management strategy in the best interests of all our visitors.".[14]
[edit] Jumps
At 2:45 p.m. on February 2, 1912, steeplejack Frederick R. Law successfully performed a parachute jump from the observation platform surrounding the torch. It was done with the permission of the army captain administering the island. The New York Times reported that he "fell fully seventy-five feet [23 m] like a dead weight, the parachute showing no inclination whatsoever to open at first", but he then descended "gracefully", landed hard, and limped away.[15]
The first and so far only death on Liberty Island occurred on May 13, 1929. The Times reported a witness as saying the man, later identified as Ralph Gleason, crawled out through one of the windows of the crown, turned around as if to return, "seemed to slip" and "shot downward, bouncing off the breasts of the statue in the plunge." The body landed on a patch of grass at the base, just a few feet from a workman who was mowing the grass.[16]
自由女神像
自由女神像(Statue of Liberty),又称“自由照耀世界”(英语:Liberty Enlightening the World,法语:Liberté éclairant le monde),是法国在1876年赠送给美国的独立100周年礼物,位於美国纽约市哈德逊河口附近。雕像所在的自由岛是观光重点。
法国著名雕塑家巴托尔迪历时10年艰辛完成了雕像的雕塑工作,女神的外貌设计来源于雕塑家的母亲,而女神高举火炬的右手则是以雕塑家妻子的手臂为蓝本。
自由女神穿着古希腊风格的服装,所戴头冠有象征世界七大洲及七大洋的七道尖芒。女神右手高举象征自由的火炬,左手捧着刻有1776年7月4日的《独立宣言》,脚下是打碎的手铐、脚镣和锁链。她象征着自由、挣脱暴政的约束,在1886年10月28日落成并揭幕。雕像锻铁的内部结构是由后来建造了巴黎埃菲尔铁塔的居斯塔夫·埃菲尔设计的。
自由女神像高46米,加基座为93米,重200多吨,是金属铸造,置于一座混凝土制的台基上。自由女神的底座是著名的约瑟夫·普利策筹集10万美金建成的,现在的底座是一个美国移民史博物馆。
1984年,自由女神像被列为世界文化遗产。
数据
搭建安装雕像所用时间 3个半月
手的长度 5.5米
雕像的厚度 8米
雕像头部可容纳的人 40人数
雕像总重 (80吨铜 + 120吨钢) 200吨
铜板的厚度 2.37毫米
从法国搬运到美国时所用的集装箱数 210个
建造支出 343 000欧元
开工日期 1866年7月12日
第4个回答 2009-11-08
名称:自由女神像(英文:Statue of Liberty,法语:Statue de la liberté),又称“自由照耀世界”(英语: Liberty Enlightening the World,法语:Liberté éclairant le monde)作者:巴托尔迪、维雷勃杜克,时间:1874~1884年,材质:钢、铜,规格:高46米(加基座为93米),重229吨.地理坐标:40°41'21.17"N,74°02'40.41W
举世闻名的自由女神像,高高地耸立在纽约港口的自由岛上,象征着美国人民争取自由的崇高理想。
举世闻名的自由女神像,高高地耸立在纽约港口的自由岛上,象征着美国人民争取自由的崇高理想。
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