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达.芬奇（Leonardo da Vinci，1452-1519）
意大利文艺复新时期最负盛名的艺术大师,科学家。他生于佛罗伦萨郊区的芬奇镇,卒于法国。其父为律师兼公证人,母为农妇,他15岁来到佛罗伦萨,学艺于韦罗基奥的作坊,1472年入画家行会。70年代中期个人风格已趋成熟。1482--1499年间一直工作于米兰,主要为米兰公爵服务,进行了广泛的艺术和科学活动,《岩间圣母》是他在这段时期创作的最有名的代表作。
达.芬奇,(LeonardodaVinci1452--1519),意大利文艺复新时期最负盛名的艺术大师,科学家。他生于佛罗伦萨郊区的芬奇镇,卒于法国。其父为律师兼公证人,母为农妇,他15罗来到佛罗伦萨,学艺于韦罗基奥的作坊,1472年入画家行会,70年代中期个人风格已趋成熟。1482--1499年间一直工作于米兰,主要为米兰公爵服务,进行了广泛的艺术和科学活动,《岩间圣母》是他在这段时期创作的最有名的代表作。
1452年4月15日意大利佛罗伦斯共和国的文西村近郊，赛尔·皮耶洛·达芬奇与卡特莉娜所生
1465年进入韦罗基奥的工作室成为入门弟子（13～14岁）
1473年创作《圣告图》
1476年被告密与韦罗基奥的其他弟子犯了同性恋之罪，由于他矢口否认，最后被释放（24岁）
1482年绘《三贤王的膜拜》，返往米兰（30岁）
1483年接受圣佛郎西斯克，格兰德教会订作《岩石上的圣母》（31岁）
1495年开始绘制《最后的晚餐》（43岁）
1502～03年回到佛罗伦斯，开始绘制《蒙娜丽莎》（50岁）
1516年应法王之邀，赴法国安伯瓦兹（64岁）
1519年5月2日去世于安伯瓦兹（67岁）
他是一位天才，他一面热心于艺术创作和理论研究，他研究如何用线条与立体造型去表现形体的各种问题；另一方面他也同时研究自然科学。
《自画像》意大利绘画大师达.芬奇的素描精品。他的素描作品的艺术水平已达极高的境地,被誉为素描艺术的典范。他对建筑,雕刻和绘画的创作都以大量素描为构思和研究的基础,从构到每个人物 甚至每个手势都准备了充分的素描习作及写生,他的素描起了相当于甚或超过现代摄影术的作用。在这幅《自画像》中,画家描绘起自己来可谓得心应手,他观察入微,用的线条丰富多变,刚柔相济 尤其善用浓密程度不同斜线表现光暗的微妙变化,这些素描艺术手法使后来的不少画家得益菲浅,堪称素描艺术的精典。此画用线生动灵活,概括性强,简单的寥寥数笔却包含许多转折,体面关系,发线代面,立体感很强,还有,人物的表情也很传神。因此,此画虽为素描小作,其艺术美,形式美却丝毫不亚于达.芬奇的那些恢宏巨制,诸多年来,继续以其隽永的魅力吸引后世 美术爱好者的赞赏和推崇。
LEONARDO: RENAISSANCE POLYMATH
"There has never been an artist who was more fittingly, and without qualification, described as a genius. Like Shakespeare, Leonardo came from an insignificant background and rose to universal acclaim. Leonardo was the illegitimate son of a local lawyer in the small town of Vinci in the Tuscan region. His father acknowledged him and paid for his training, but we may wonder whether the strangely self-sufficient tone of Leonardo's mind was not perhaps affected by his early ambiguity of status. The definitive polymath, he had almost too many gifts, including superlative male beauty, a splendid singing voice, magnificent physique, mathematical excellence, scientific daring ... the list is endless. This overabundance of talents caused him to treat his artistry lightly, seldom finishing a picture, and sometimes making rash technical experiments. The Last Supper, in the church of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan, for example, has almost vanished, so inadequate were his innovations in fresco preparation.
"Yet the works that we have salvaged remain the most dazzlingly poetic pictures ever created. The Mona Lisa has the innocent disadvantage of being too famous. It can only be seen behind thick glass in a heaving crowd of awe-struck sightseers. It has been reproduced in every conceivable medium; it remains intact in its magic, forever defying the human insistence on comprehending. It is a work that we can only gaze at in silence.
"Leonardo's three great portraits of women all have a secret wistfulness. This quality is at its most appealing in Cecilia Gallarani, at its most enigmatic in the Mona Lisa, and at its most confrontational in Ginevra de' Benci. It is hard to gaze at the Mona Lisa because we have so many expectations of it. Perhaps we can look more truly at a less famous portrait, Ginevra de' Benci. It has that haunting, almost unearthly beauty peculiar to Leonardo da Vinci.
A WITHHELD IDENTITY
"The subject of Ginevra de' Benci has nothing of the Mona Lisa's inward amusement, and also nothing of Cecilia's gentle submissiveness. The young woman looks past us with a wonderful luminous sulkiness. Her mouth is set in an unforgiving line of sensitive disgruntlement, her proud and perfect head is taut above the unyielding column of her neck, and her eyes seem to narrow as she endures the painter and his art. Her ringlets, infinitely subtle, cascade down from the breadth of her gleaming forehead (the forehead, incidentally, of one of the most gifted intellectuals of her time). These delicate ripples are repeated in the spikes of the juniper bush.
"The desolate waters, the mists, the dark trees, the reflected gleams of still waters - all these surround and illuminate the sitter. She is totally fleshly and totally impermeable to the artist. He observes, held rapt by her perfection of form, and shows us the thin veil of her upper bodice and the delicate flushing of her throat. What she is truly like she conceals; what Leonardo reveals to us is precisely this concealment, a self-absorption that spares no outward glance.
INTERIOR DEPTH
"We can always tell a Leonardo work by his treatment of hair, angelic in its fineness, and by the lack of any rigidity of contour. One form glides imperceptibly into another (the Italian term is sfumato), a wonder of glazes creating the most subtle of transitions between tones and shapes. The angel's face in the painting known as the Virgin of the Rocks in the National Gallery, London, or the Virgin's face in the Paris version of the same picture, have an interior wisdom, an artistic wisdom that has no pictorial rival.
"This unrivaled quality meant that few artists actually show Leonardo's influence: it is as if he seemed to be in a world apart from them. Indeed he did move apart, accepting the French King Francis I's summons to live in France. Those who did imitate him, like Bernardini Luini of Milan (c. 1485-1532), caught only the outer manner, the half-smile, the mistiness.
"The shadow of a great genius is a peculiar thing. Under Rembrandt's shadow, painters flourished to the extent that we can no longer distinguish their work from his own. But Leonardo's was a chilling shadow, too deep, too dark, too overpowering."
意大利文艺复新时期最负盛名的艺术大师,科学家。他生于佛罗伦萨郊区的芬奇镇,卒于法国。其父为律师兼公证人,母为农妇,他15岁来到佛罗伦萨,学艺于韦罗基奥的作坊,1472年入画家行会。70年代中期个人风格已趋成熟。1482--1499年间一直工作于米兰,主要为米兰公爵服务,进行了广泛的艺术和科学活动,《岩间圣母》是他在这段时期创作的最有名的代表作。
达.芬奇,(LeonardodaVinci1452--1519),意大利文艺复新时期最负盛名的艺术大师,科学家。他生于佛罗伦萨郊区的芬奇镇,卒于法国。其父为律师兼公证人,母为农妇,他15罗来到佛罗伦萨,学艺于韦罗基奥的作坊,1472年入画家行会,70年代中期个人风格已趋成熟。1482--1499年间一直工作于米兰,主要为米兰公爵服务,进行了广泛的艺术和科学活动,《岩间圣母》是他在这段时期创作的最有名的代表作。
1452年4月15日意大利佛罗伦斯共和国的文西村近郊，赛尔·皮耶洛·达芬奇与卡特莉娜所生
1465年进入韦罗基奥的工作室成为入门弟子（13～14岁）
1473年创作《圣告图》
1476年被告密与韦罗基奥的其他弟子犯了同性恋之罪，由于他矢口否认，最后被释放（24岁）
1482年绘《三贤王的膜拜》，返往米兰（30岁）
1483年接受圣佛郎西斯克，格兰德教会订作《岩石上的圣母》（31岁）
1495年开始绘制《最后的晚餐》（43岁）
1502～03年回到佛罗伦斯，开始绘制《蒙娜丽莎》（50岁）
1516年应法王之邀，赴法国安伯瓦兹（64岁）
1519年5月2日去世于安伯瓦兹（67岁）
他是一位天才，他一面热心于艺术创作和理论研究，他研究如何用线条与立体造型去表现形体的各种问题；另一方面他也同时研究自然科学。
《自画像》意大利绘画大师达.芬奇的素描精品。他的素描作品的艺术水平已达极高的境地,被誉为素描艺术的典范。他对建筑,雕刻和绘画的创作都以大量素描为构思和研究的基础,从构到每个人物 甚至每个手势都准备了充分的素描习作及写生,他的素描起了相当于甚或超过现代摄影术的作用。在这幅《自画像》中,画家描绘起自己来可谓得心应手,他观察入微,用的线条丰富多变,刚柔相济 尤其善用浓密程度不同斜线表现光暗的微妙变化,这些素描艺术手法使后来的不少画家得益菲浅,堪称素描艺术的精典。此画用线生动灵活,概括性强,简单的寥寥数笔却包含许多转折,体面关系,发线代面,立体感很强,还有,人物的表情也很传神。因此,此画虽为素描小作,其艺术美,形式美却丝毫不亚于达.芬奇的那些恢宏巨制,诸多年来,继续以其隽永的魅力吸引后世 美术爱好者的赞赏和推崇。
LEONARDO: RENAISSANCE POLYMATH
"There has never been an artist who was more fittingly, and without qualification, described as a genius. Like Shakespeare, Leonardo came from an insignificant background and rose to universal acclaim. Leonardo was the illegitimate son of a local lawyer in the small town of Vinci in the Tuscan region. His father acknowledged him and paid for his training, but we may wonder whether the strangely self-sufficient tone of Leonardo's mind was not perhaps affected by his early ambiguity of status. The definitive polymath, he had almost too many gifts, including superlative male beauty, a splendid singing voice, magnificent physique, mathematical excellence, scientific daring ... the list is endless. This overabundance of talents caused him to treat his artistry lightly, seldom finishing a picture, and sometimes making rash technical experiments. The Last Supper, in the church of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan, for example, has almost vanished, so inadequate were his innovations in fresco preparation.
"Yet the works that we have salvaged remain the most dazzlingly poetic pictures ever created. The Mona Lisa has the innocent disadvantage of being too famous. It can only be seen behind thick glass in a heaving crowd of awe-struck sightseers. It has been reproduced in every conceivable medium; it remains intact in its magic, forever defying the human insistence on comprehending. It is a work that we can only gaze at in silence.
"Leonardo's three great portraits of women all have a secret wistfulness. This quality is at its most appealing in Cecilia Gallarani, at its most enigmatic in the Mona Lisa, and at its most confrontational in Ginevra de' Benci. It is hard to gaze at the Mona Lisa because we have so many expectations of it. Perhaps we can look more truly at a less famous portrait, Ginevra de' Benci. It has that haunting, almost unearthly beauty peculiar to Leonardo da Vinci.
A WITHHELD IDENTITY
"The subject of Ginevra de' Benci has nothing of the Mona Lisa's inward amusement, and also nothing of Cecilia's gentle submissiveness. The young woman looks past us with a wonderful luminous sulkiness. Her mouth is set in an unforgiving line of sensitive disgruntlement, her proud and perfect head is taut above the unyielding column of her neck, and her eyes seem to narrow as she endures the painter and his art. Her ringlets, infinitely subtle, cascade down from the breadth of her gleaming forehead (the forehead, incidentally, of one of the most gifted intellectuals of her time). These delicate ripples are repeated in the spikes of the juniper bush.
"The desolate waters, the mists, the dark trees, the reflected gleams of still waters - all these surround and illuminate the sitter. She is totally fleshly and totally impermeable to the artist. He observes, held rapt by her perfection of form, and shows us the thin veil of her upper bodice and the delicate flushing of her throat. What she is truly like she conceals; what Leonardo reveals to us is precisely this concealment, a self-absorption that spares no outward glance.
INTERIOR DEPTH
"We can always tell a Leonardo work by his treatment of hair, angelic in its fineness, and by the lack of any rigidity of contour. One form glides imperceptibly into another (the Italian term is sfumato), a wonder of glazes creating the most subtle of transitions between tones and shapes. The angel's face in the painting known as the Virgin of the Rocks in the National Gallery, London, or the Virgin's face in the Paris version of the same picture, have an interior wisdom, an artistic wisdom that has no pictorial rival.
"This unrivaled quality meant that few artists actually show Leonardo's influence: it is as if he seemed to be in a world apart from them. Indeed he did move apart, accepting the French King Francis I's summons to live in France. Those who did imitate him, like Bernardini Luini of Milan (c. 1485-1532), caught only the outer manner, the half-smile, the mistiness.
"The shadow of a great genius is a peculiar thing. Under Rembrandt's shadow, painters flourished to the extent that we can no longer distinguish their work from his own. But Leonardo's was a chilling shadow, too deep, too dark, too overpowering."
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第1个回答 2021-11-10
达芬奇 (Leonardo Da Vinci 1452-1519)作为文艺复兴时期作卓越的代表人物，他的成就和贡献是多方面的。达芬奇出生在佛罗伦萨附近的一个小镇——芬奇镇。他是一位天才，他一面热心于艺术创作和理论研究，他研究如何用线条与立体造型去表现形体的各种问题；另一方面他也同时研究自然科学。达芬奇是意大利文艺复兴时期最伟大最著名的巨匠，他不仅是一位天才的画家，并且是大数学家、科学家、力学家和工程师，是一位多才多艺、全面发展的人。他有着多方面的才能，对人类作出过多方面的贡献。他不仅会画画，雕塑，建筑房屋，还会发明武器，设计过世界上第一个飞行机、他又是一个医学家、音乐家和戏剧家，而且在物理学、地理学和植物学等其它科学的研究上也很有成就。他道德高尚，举止温雅，且体格健壮，力量过人，据说他一只手就能轻易地折断马蹄铁。他左右手都会写字、作画，他用左手写的字是反向的，人们只有在镜子里才能看懂。
“这是世界美术史上最美的一只右手；这副脸庞，只要见过一次，就永远离不开我们的记忆。”（《蒙娜丽莎》）“这是人类绘画的极品，这幅画的巨大成功致使以后的画家没人敢再涉足这个题材。”（《最后的晚餐》）“这是画家62岁时的自画像，寥寥数笔，就为后人留下了素描艺术史上的典范之作。”（《达芬奇自画像》）
在同时代的人看来，达芬奇就像一位充满传奇色彩的魔术师，有万能天才的美誉。在现代人眼中，令人惊异的是，他仅用十二幅完整的作品就奠定了最伟大的画家的地位。
人们一般认为，艺术不是科学。但是按照达芬奇的界定，艺术，尤其绘画，不但是一种科学，甚至是“所有科学之后”。
达芬奇既能发现事物表面迷人的美感，又不丧失物理学者与解剖学者的视角。他同时具有科学家的观察力与艺术家的表现力，是艺术史上第一位对人体和动物的比例做过系统研究的艺术家。他研究解剖长达40年之久，还亲自解剖了三十几具各种年龄的尸体。他不但熟悉人体外部的比例，而且了解人体的内部构造，因此笔下人物的比例、结构、动态都十分准确，无懈可击。这幅著名的人体解剖素描把完美的人体造型包含在一个圆形和正方形中，被认为是最成功的设想。
