如题所述
新SAT写作不同修辞手法对应的作用介绍\x0d\x0a1. Metaphor 隐喻,暗喻\x0d\x0a隐喻是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成。这种比喻不通过比喻词进行,而是直接将用事物当作乙事物来描写,甲乙两事物之间的联系和相似之处是暗含的。\x0d\x0a例如:\x0d\x0a(1) German guns and German planes rained down bombs, shells and bullets.\x0d\x0a德国人的枪炮和飞机将炸弹、炮弹和子弹像暴雨一样倾泻下来。\x0d\x0a(2) The diamond department was the heart and center of the store.\x0d\x0a钻石部是商店的心脏和核心。\x0d\x0a2. Simile 明喻\x0d\x0a明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比.这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不是事物的自然属性。或者说是以两种具有相同特征的事物和现象进行对比,表明本体和喻体之间的相似关系,两者都在对比中出现。标志词常用 like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等.\x0d\x0a例如:\x0d\x0a(1) He looked as if he had just stepped out of my book of fairytales and had passed me like a spirit.\x0d\x0a他看上去好像刚从我的童话故事书中走出来,像幽灵一样从我身旁走过去。\x0d\x0a(2) It has long leaves that sway in the wind like slim fingers reaching to touch something.\x0d\x0a它那长长的叶子在风中摆动,好像伸出纤细的手指去触摸什么东西似的。\x0d\x0a3. Metonymy 借喻,转喻\x0d\x0a借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称。指两种不同事物并不相似,但又密不可分,因而常用其中一种事物名称代替另一种。就是借用甲来表示乙,但前提条件是甲必须与乙关系密切和本质上有相似之处。\x0d\x0a(1) 以容器代替内容,例如:\x0d\x0aThe kettle boils.\x0d\x0a水开了。\x0d\x0aThe room sat silent.\x0d\x0a全屋人安静地坐着。\x0d\x0a(2) 以资料.工具代替事物的名称,例如:\x0d\x0aLend me your ears, please.\x0d\x0a请听我说。\x0d\x0a(3) 以作者代替作品,例如:\x0d\x0aa complete Shakespeare\x0d\x0a莎士比亚全集\x0d\x0a(4) 以具体事物代替抽象概念,例如:\x0d\x0aI had the muscle, and they made money out of it.\x0d\x0a我有力气,他们就用我的力气赚钱。\x0d\x0a4. Synecdoche 提喻\x0d\x0a提喻用部分代替全体,或用全体代替部分,或特殊代替一般一般代替特殊。又称举隅法,举隅指举一反三之意,具有“牵一发而动全身”之功能。主要特点是局部代表全体,或以全体喻指部分,或以抽象代具体,或以具体代抽象。它往往因微见著,在提到某人或某物时,不直呼其名,与其密不可分的东西来代替。\x0d\x0a例如:\x0d\x0a(1) There are about 100 hands working in his factory.\x0d\x0a他的厂里约有100名工人。\x0d\x0a(2) He is the Newton of this century.\x0d\x0a他是本世纪的牛顿。\x0d\x0a(3) The fox goes very well with your cap.\x0d\x0a这狐皮围脖与你的帽子很相配。\x0d\x0a5. Synaesthesia 通感,联觉,移觉\x0d\x0a这种修辞法是以视.听.触.嗅.味等感觉直接描写事物,是指在某个感官所产生的感觉,转到另一个感官的心理感受。\x0d\x0a例如:\x0d\x0a(1) The birds sat upon a tree and poured forth their lily like voice.\x0d\x0a鸟儿落在树上,倾泻出百合花似的声音。\x0d\x0a(2) Taste the music of Mozart.\x0d\x0a品尝Mozart的音乐。\x0d\x0a6. Personification 拟人\x0d\x0a拟人是把生命赋予无生命的事物,是把人类的特点、特性加于外界事物之上,使之人格化,以物拟人,以达到彼此交融,合二为一。\x0d\x0a例如:\x0d\x0a(1) She may have tens of thousand of babies in one summer.(From“ Watching Ants”)\x0d\x0a一个夏天她可能生育成千上万个孩子。\x0d\x0a这里用“she”和“babies”把蜜蜂比作人类妇女的生育。\x0d\x0a(2) My only worry was that January would find me hunting for a job again.\x0d\x0a我唯一担心的是,到了一月份我又得去找工作。\x0d\x0a英语里常把“年”“月”“日”人格化,赋以生命,使人们读起来亲切生动。\x0d\x0a7. Hyperbole 夸张\x0d\x0a夸张是以言过其实的说法表达强调的目的.它可以加强语势,增加表达效果.. 运用丰富的想象,过激的言词,渲染和装饰客观事物,以达到强调的效果。\x0d\x0a例如:\x0d\x0a(1) My blood froze. 我的血液都凝固了。\x0d\x0aWhen I told our father about this, his heart burst.\x0d\x0a当我将这件事告诉我们的父亲时,他的心几乎要迸出来。\x0d\x0a(2) My heart almost stopped beating when I heard my daughter’s voice on the phone.\x0d\x0a从电话里一听到我女儿的声音,我的心几乎停止跳动。\x0d\x0a8. Parallelism 排比, 平行\x0d\x0a这种修辞法是把两个或两个以上的结构大体相同或相似,意思相关,语气一致的短语.句子排列成串,形成一个整体。\x0d\x0a例如:\x0d\x0a(1) No one can be perfectly free till all are free; no one can be perfectly moral till all are moral; no one can be perfectly happy till all are happy.\x0d\x0a(2) In the days when all these things are to beanswered for, I summon you and yours, to the last of your bad race, to answer for them. In the days when all these things are to be answered for, I summon your brother, the worst of your bad race, to answer for them separately.\x0d\x0a9. Euphemism 委婉,婉辞法\x0d\x0a用温和的、间接的词语代替生硬的、粗俗的词语,以避免直接说出不愉快的事实冒犯别人或者造成令人窘迫的、沮丧的局面。婉辞法指用委婉,文雅的方法表达粗恶,避讳的话。\x0d\x0a例如:\x0d\x0a(1) He is out visiting the necessary.\x0d\x0a他出去方便一下。\x0d\x0a(2) His relation with his wife has not been fortunate.\x0d\x0a他与妻子关系不融洽。\x0d\x0a10. Irony 反语\x0d\x0a反语指用相反意义的词来表达意思的作文方式.如在指责过失.错误时,用赞同过失的说法,而在表扬时,则近乎责难的说法. 是指用含蓄的褒义词语来表示其反面的意义,从而达到使本义更加幽默,更加讽刺的效果。\x0d\x0a例如:\x0d\x0a(1) "Of course, you only carry large notes, no small change on you." the waiter said to the beggar.\x0d\x0a啊,当然,我知道像你这样的先生只带大票子。店员这句话意在讽刺这位穿破衣的顾客:像你这样的人怎么会有大票子呢?名为“gentlemen”实则“beggar”而已。\x0d\x0a【sarcasm的特点是尖刻,往往蓄意中伤或讥讽;irony的特点是幽默或俏皮,故意使用同本意相反的说法,必须靠其语调或笔调表示真意;satire可用来泛指irony,sarcasm等,其特点是用来讽刺社会向现象或一些人,不像sarcasm那样指个人。\x0d\x0a11. Pun 双关\x0d\x0a双关就是用一个词在句子中的双重含义,借题发挥。作出多种解释,旁敲侧击,从而达到意想不到的。滑稽效果.它主要以相似的词形、词意和谐音的方式出现,是以一个词或词组,用巧妙的办法同时把互不关联的两种含义结合起来,以取得一种诙谐有趣的效果。\x0d\x0a例如:\x0d\x0aNapoleon was astonished. "Either you are mad, or I am," he declared.\x0d\x0a"Both,sir!" cried the Swede proudly.\x0d\x0a“Both”一词一语双关,既指拿破仑和这位士兵都是疯子,又指这位战士参加过拿破仑指挥的两次战役。\x0d\x0a12. Parody 仿拟\x0d\x0a这是一种模仿名言、警句、谚语,改动其中部分词语,从而使其产生新意的修辞。\x0d\x0a例如:\x0d\x0a(1) Rome was not built in a day, nor in a year.\x0d\x0a(2) To smoke or not to smoke, that is a question.\x0d\x0a13. Rhetorical question 修辞疑问\x0d\x0a它与疑问句的不同在于它并不以得到答复为目的,而是以疑问为手段,取得修辞上的效果,其特点是:肯定问句表示强烈否定,而否定问句表示强烈的肯定,它的答案往往是不言而喻的。\x0d\x0a例如:\x0d\x0a(1) How was it possible to walk for an hour through the woods and see nothing worth of note?\x0d\x0a(2) Shall we allow those untruths to go unanswered?\x0d\x0a14. Antithesis 对照,对比,对偶\x0d\x0a这种修辞指将意义完全相反的语句排在一起对比的一种修辞方法。(将强烈对立的想法并列于稳定、对等的短语或语法结构中的修辞方法。)\x0d\x0a例如:\x0d\x0a(1) Pride hurts, modesty benefits.\x0d\x0a满招损,谦受益。\x0d\x0a(2) All for one, one for all.\x0d\x0a人人为我,我为人人。\x0d\x0a15. Paradox 隽语\x0d\x0a这是一种貌似矛盾,但包含一定哲理的意味深长的说法,是一种矛盾修辞法。\x0d\x0a例如:\x0d\x0a(1) The child is the father to the man.\x0d\x0a三岁看老。\x0d\x0a(2) No news is good news.\x0d\x0a没有消息就是好消息。(尤其在战争年代)\x0d\x0a16. Oxymoron 反意法,逆喻,矛盾修饰法\x0d\x0a这也是一种矛盾修辞法,用两种不相调和的特征形容一个事物,以不协调的搭配使读者领悟句中微妙的含义。\x0d\x0a例如:\x0d\x0a(1) The state of this house is cheerless welcome.\x0d\x0a(2) The mother is undergoing the joyful pain, and the painful joy of child birth.\x0d\x0a17. Rhetorical repetition 叠言\x0d\x0a这种修辞法是指在特定的语境中,将相同的结构,相同意义词组成句子重叠使用,以增强语气和力量。\x0d\x0a例如:\x0d\x0a(1) It must be created by the blood and the work of all of us who believe in the future, who believe in man and his glorious man—made destiny.\x0d\x0a它必须用我们这些对于未来,对于人类以及人类自己创造的伟大命运具有信心的人的鲜血和汗水去创造。\x0d\x0a(2) Because good technique in medicine and surgery means more quickly—cured patients, less pain, less discomfort, less death, less disease and less deformity.\x0d\x0a因为优良的医疗技术和外科手术意味着更快地治疗病人,更少痛苦,更少不安,更少死亡,更少疾病,和更少残废。\x0d\x0a18. Onomatopoeia 拟声\x0d\x0a是摹仿自然界中非语言的声音,其发音和所描写的事物的声音很相似,使语言显得生动,富有表现力。\x0d\x0a(1) On the root of the school house some pigeons were softly cooing.\x0d\x0a在学校房屋的屋顶上一些鸽子正轻轻地咕咕叫着。\x0d\x0a(2) She brought me into touch with everything that could be reached or felt—sunlight, the rustling of silk, the noises of insects, the creaking of a door, the voice of a loved one\x0d\x0a她使我接触到所有够得着的或者感觉得到的东西,如阳光呀,丝绸摆动时的沙沙声呀,昆虫的叫声呀,开门的吱嗄声呀亲人的说话声呀\x0d\x0a19. Alliteration 头韵法\x0d\x0a在文句中有两个以上连结在一起的词或词组,其开头的音节有同样的字母或音,以增强语言的节奏感。\x0d\x0aHow and why he had come to Princeton, New Jersey is a story of struggle, success, and sadness.\x0d\x0a20. Analogy 类比\x0d\x0a将两个本质上不同的事物就其共同点进行比较,是通过比喻手法的综合运用帮助说明道理或描述某种复杂情况。\x0d\x0a比如说,我们在讨论政府职能的时候,假如我们不了解政府职能,我们可以从我们了解的组织谈起,比如我们可以讨论班级、学校、公司或者一些大型小型组织,从一个具体的问题到另一个问题而避免谈一些不熟悉的问题。具体的陈述可以类似如下开展:\x0d\x0aWriting a book of poetry is like dropping a rose petal down the Grand Canyon and waiting for the echo.\x0d\x0a将写书的动作和把玫瑰花瓣扔到大峡谷等回音类比。\x0d\x0a21. Symbolism 象征\x0d\x0a象征是通过一些具体形象,使人产生联想,从而表现与之相联系的某种抽象的概念、思想、感情,表现作品主题的艺术创作手法,属于文艺学范畴,它是一种写作手法。而借代,是一种修辞手法,是指用相关的事物来代替所要表达的事物,本体与借体之间没有相似点,只有相关性,因而不能加“像”字换成明喻。
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