如题所述
In the history of Chinese imperial administration, university scholars were often titled after the imperial halls or pavilions, such as Zhongji, Jianji, Wenhua, and Wu Ying in the Ming Dynasty, as well as Wenyuan Pavilion, Dongge University Scholar. Initially, they held a rank of fifth class without a fixed number of positions. Starting from the Qianlong Decade (1745 AD), university scholars specifically included titles from the three main halls (Baohe, Wenhua, and Wu Ying) and three pavilions (Wenyuan, Tieren, and Dongge), with two each for Manchus and Han Chinese. They were considered the highest-ranking civil officials, with Han Chinese generally being appointed only if they had a background in the prestigious翰林院.
The term originated in the Tang Dynasty with the titles of Grand Secretary of the宏文馆 (Macrocultural Academy) and Grand Secretary of the集贤院 (Collected Virtues Academy), mainly for overseeing literary works. These positions were often held concurrently with宰相职位. During the Song Dynasty, the prefix 'Da' was added to signify higher ranks for particularly esteemed scholars. In the early Ming Dynasty (1382 AD), after the abolition of the丞相 and the Central Secretariat, the university scholar position was established as an advisor to the emperor, with officials like the Grand Preceptor and Grand Reader, primarily from the翰林院, being involved in imperial affairs and eventually forming the core of the cabinet.
Under Emperor Yongle, university scholars became the de facto prime ministers, responsible for drafting imperial decrees and reviewing official reports, managing government affairs. Later, officials such as ministers and vice-ministers began to participate in cabinet affairs, concurrently holding the title of university scholar, often advancing to the first rank, equivalent to a宰相. However, during the Qing Dynasty, the power of university scholars was largely replaced by that of the military council, the Grand Secretaries' role reduced to a ceremonial honor. These titles were bestowed upon senior military council members and select officials, maintaining a rank of first class.
扩展资料
唐代有宏文馆学士、集贤院学士，为掌文学著作之官，尝以宰相兼领、知馆、院事，称大学士。宋沿之，对学士中资望特高者，加‘大’字。及明洪武十三年（公元1382年）废丞相及中书省，十五年仿宋制设大学士，以为皇帝顾问。成祖即位后，以侍讲、侍读学士等翰林官参预机务，入内阁，至明中叶，遂以大学士为内阁长官，替皇帝起草诏令，批条奏章，商承政务。稍后，以尚书、侍郎入阁办事，兼大学士，加官至于一品，乃成为事实上的宰相。清代设立军机处，大学士职权为军机大臣所代替，其称仅为荣衔，授予军机大臣及内外各官资望特高者，为正一品。
