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1.è±è¯éç»æï¼æ±è¯éè¯ä¹ãè±è¯åæ±è¯å±äºä¸¤ç§å®å
¨ä¸åçè¯è¨ãä»è±è¯æ±é¢åç设置æ¥çï¼è±è¯å¥åä¸è¬æ¯è¾å¤æï¼è¿ä¸»è¦æ两个æ¹é¢çåå ï¼ä¸æ¯èè¯è¦æ±å¥åè¦æä¸å®çé¾åº¦ï¼ä¸ç¶æ æ³æ£éªèçççå®æ°´å¹³ï¼äºæ¯è±è¯å¯ä»¥éè¿ç»æä¸çå®æ使许å¤å±ææå¨ä¸ä¸ªå¥åä¸è¡¨è¾¾åºæ¥ãä¸é¢æ们å
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â It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians, who equate their activity with specific techniquesã
è¿ä¸ªå¥åæ°è¾¾30个åè¯ï¼æ¯ä¸ªå ¸åçå¤æå¥ãä»å 容ä¸è®²ï¼å®ä¸»è¦æä¾ä¸¤ä¸ªæ¹é¢çä¿¡æ¯ï¼ä¸æ¯It applies to... historians,äºæ¯historiansçå ·ä½æ åµï¼ä»ç»æä¸è®²ï¼å®æ¯ä¸ä¸ªä¸»å¥å¸¦ä¸¤ä¸ªç±whoå¼å¯¼çä»å¥ã尽管ç»æå¤æãä¿¡æ¯é大ï¼è¿å¥è¯å¨è±è¯é并ä¸ç´ä¹±ï¼å 为å¥åç»æç¯ç¯ç¸æ£ï¼è¯ä¹æ¸ æ¥æ¥ï¼whoå¼å¯¼çå®è¯ä»å¥æ¾å¨åè¯åé¢ä¿®é¥°è¿ä¸ªåè¯ï¼è¿æ¯è±è¯ä¸è¾å¸¸è§ç表达形å¼ï¼ä¸¤ä¸ªä»å¥çè¯ä¹æ¢ç¸å¯¹ç¬ç«ï¼åå主å¥è¿æä¸ä½ãå¦ææè¿ä¸ªå¥åæ¹æï¼It applies equally to traditional historians and to social science historians. Traditional historians(or the former) view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources. Social science historians (or the latter) equate their activity with specific techniques.表达çææå®å ¨ä¸æ ·ï¼ä½æ¯è¡¨è¾¾æ¹å¼ç¥æ¾å¹³æ·¡ãç½åï¼è¿è¯´æè±è¯è¡¨è¾¾é常éè§å¥åç»æï¼å¥åç»æä¸çéå½å®æå¾å¾å¯ä»¥è¾¾å°æ´å¥½ç表达ææã
ä»æ±è¯çè¡¨è¾¾ä¹ æ¯æ¥çï¼å¥åä¸è¬ä¸å®åå¾å¤ªé¿ï¼ä¿®é¥°æåè¿å¤æè¿é¿ä¼é æå§å®¾å¤ºä¸»ãè¯ä¹å«æ··ãæ们å çä¸çè¿å¥è¯çç´è¯ï¼
å®åæ ·éç¨äºå°åå²ä» ä» çä½æ¯å¯¹åå²æææ¥æºçå é¨çåå¤é¨çæ¹è¯çä¼ ç»åå²å¦å®¶ï¼åæåå²ç 究活å¨çåäºå ·ä½ç 究æ¹æ³ç社ä¼ç§å¦åå²å¦å®¶ã
è¿æ ·çè¯æåæ¯å¾å¿ å®ï¼ä½å¨è¡¨è¾¾ä¸å´ä¸åæ¯ä¸æï¼è¯è è¯çæ¶åè´¹å²ï¼è¯»è 读çæ¶åä¹è´¹å²ãç°å¨æ们æè¯æè°æ´ä¸ä¸ï¼
å®åæ ·éç¨äºä¼ ç»åå²å¦å®¶å社ä¼ç§å¦åå²å¦å®¶ï¼ä¼ ç»åå²å¦å®¶(æåè )å°åå²ä» ä» çä½æ¯å¯¹åå²æææ¥æºçå é¨çåå¤é¨çæ¹è¯ï¼ç¤¾ä¼ç§å¦åå²å¦å®¶(æåè )æåå²ç 究活å¨çåäºå ·ä½çç 究æ¹æ³ã
å¾æ¾ç¶ï¼è°æ´åçè¯æç»äººæ´æ¸ æ¥ãæ´é¡ºç çæè§ãå¾å·§çæ¯ï¼å®ä¸æ¹ååçè±è¯å¥åç»æä¸æ´å æ¥è¿ï¼è¿è¯´ææ±è¯ä¸éè¦éè¿å¤æçç»ææé«è¡¨è¾¾æ°´å¹³ï¼åªè¦æææ¸ æ¥ãæ£ç¡®ï¼è¡¨è¾¾æ¹å¼ä¸å¯ä»¥ææ´å¤çèªç±ã
2.è±è¯å¤é¿å¥ï¼æ±è¯å¤çå¥ãç±äºè±è¯éç»æï¼æ±è¯éè¯ä¹ï¼è±è¯å¥åå¾å¾æ¯è¾é¿ï¼æ±è¯å¥åå常常æ¯è¾çãè¿ä¸ç¹ä¸è¿°ä¾å¥çç¿»è¯å·²ç»è¡¨ç°å¾å¾æ¸ æ¥ãå¼æ¸ è¿ä¸åºå«ä¹åï¼ç¿»è¯æ¶ä¼çæå½ç¶å°æè±åæçæç¼ï¼äºåä¸å®ç主å¨ï¼è¿ä¾¿æ¯é±é书å çæ说çâget the meaning, forget the wordsâ(å¾æå¿è¨)ãè¦æ³é¡ºå©å®æè¿ç§å½¢å¼ä¸ç转åï¼å ³é®æ¯è¦å好对è±è¯é¿å¥çç»æåæï¼æé¿å¥ææ群ååæè¥å¹²ä¸ªå°æ®µã请çä¸é¢çä¾å¥ï¼
â¡For exampleï¼they do not compensate for gross social inequalityï¼and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.
è¿å¥è¯é¿è¾¾31个åè¯ãä»ç»æä¸è®²ï¼å®æ¯ä¸»å¥(they do not...)+并åè°è¯(and do not...)+宾è¯ä»å¥(how able an underprivileged youngster might...)+æ¡ä»¶ç¶è¯ä»å¥(had he...)ï¼ä»èµä¹ä¸è®²ï¼å®æåå±ææï¼ä¸è½â¦å æ¤ä¸è½â¦ä¼æå¤å¤§çæå¹²â¦å¦æâ¦ãæ ¹æ®å¯¹è¿ä¸ªå¥åçç»æåæåè¯ä¹åæï¼æ们å¯ä»¥æå®ååæå个å°æ®µï¼
For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell/how able an underprivileged youngster might have beenï¼had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.
ç±äºæ¯ä¸å°æ®µå å«ä¸ä¸ªæ群ï¼åååæ们就å¯ä»¥è¯è¯æï¼
ä¾å¦ï¼å®ä»¬ä¸è½å¼¥è¡¥å·¨å¤§ç社ä¼ä¸å ¬ï¼å æ¤ä¸è½è¯´æä¸ä¸ªç©è´¨æ¡ä»¶å·®ç年轻人ä¼æå¤å¤§æå¹²ï¼å¦æä»å¨è¾å¥½çç¯å¢ä¸é¿å¤§ã
è¿æ ·çè¯æå¯ä»¥è¯´å·²ç»å¾æ¸ æ¥ï¼æ±è¯ä¹åºæ¬è¿å¾å»ï¼ä½ä»ç»æ£æ¥ä¸ä¸ãæ们ä»ç¶åç°æ±è¯è¡¨è¾¾ä¸è¿æè±è¯çå½±åï¼é£å°±æ¯è¡¨ç¤ºæ¡ä»¶çâå¦æâ¦âæ¾å¨å¥åæåä¸å¤§ç¬¦åæ±è¯çè¡¨è¾¾ä¹ æ¯ãæ¥ä¸æ¥æ们就è¦è®²ä¸è®²è±è¯ä¸æ±è¯å¨è¿ä¸ªæ¹é¢çå·®å¼ã
3.è±è¯å¤åéå¿ï¼æ±è¯å¤åéå¿ãæè°åéå¿æ¯å 说ç»æå说ç»èãåéå¿åæ¯å 说ç»èå说ç»æãç±äºæ±è¯å¤æéå¿æ¾å¨åé¢ï¼ä¸è¿°è¯æåºè¯¥ä¿®æ¹æï¼â¦ä¸ä¸ªç©è´¨æ¡ä»¶å·®ç年轻人ï¼å¦æå¨è¾å¥½çç¯å¢ä¸é¿å¤§ï¼ä¼æå¤å¤§æå¹²ãä¸é¢æ们åçä¸ä¾ï¼
â¢There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in genelral or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiryã
æ ¹æ®å¥åç»æåè¯ä¹åæï¼è¿ä¸ªå¥åå¯åæäºæ®µï¼ä¸»å¥(There is no...)+ä»å¥(whether...)+åç½®å®è¯(peculiar to...)+éæ©æ§å¹¶åä»å¥(or...)+åç½®å®è¯(appropriate to...)ãä»è¯ä¹ä¸è®²ï¼ä¸»å¥è®²çæ¯ç»æï¼ä»å¥è¯´çæ¯ç»èãæ ¹æ®æ±è¯çè¡¨è¾¾ä¹ æ¯ï¼ä¸æè¯æç表达顺åºä¸åææ£å¥½ç¸åï¼
æ¹æ³è®ºæ¯æä¸è¬çåå²ç 究ä¸ç¹æçæ¦å¿µï¼è¿æ¯æåå²ç 究ä¸åä¸ªå ·ä½é¢åéç¨çç 究æ¹æ³ï¼äººä»¬å¯¹æ¤æè§ä¸ä¸ã
å¦ææè±è¯ç表达顺åºæ¥ç¿»è¯ï¼ä¸æç®ç´æ æ³é顺ãç±äºä¸äºè§£å ¶ä¸çéçï¼æçèçå¨ç¿»è¯è¿å¥è¯çæ¶ååªå¥½æªæ²âthere is no agreementâçææï¼ä¸å¢æ æ¿å°è¯ä¸ºâ没æ人åæâãâ没æåªä¸ªèµææè§âççï¼æ´ä¸ªè¯ææ å±è±çï¼å°±è¿èªå·±ä¹ä¸ç¥éå¨è¯´ä»ä¹ï¼å¯è§ä¸äºè§£è¯è¨è¡¨è¾¾ä¸çå·®å¼ä¼å¸¦æ¥å¤ä¹å¤§çå±å®³ã
4.è±è¯å¤è¢«å¨ï¼æ±è¯å¤ä¸»å¨ãç¨å¾®ç»å¿ä¸ç¹ç人é½ä¼åç°ï¼è±è¯éé¢ç»å¸¸ä½¿ç¨è¢«å¨ç»æï¼èæ±è¯éå´å¾å°ä½¿ç¨è¢«å¨ç»æãé¢å¯¹è¿ä¸çç¾ï¼æ们å½ç¶ä¸è½å°æ¯ä¸ä¸ªè¢«å¨ç»æé½æºæ¢°å°ç §ç¿»ï¼ä¸å®è¦æ ¹æ®å ·ä½æ åµè¿è¡éå½çå¤çãç°å¨æ们çä¸é¢çä¾åï¼
â£And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can by no means be compared with these processesï¼and that they have to be required by a sort of special training.
è¿ä¸ªå¥åæä¸ä¸ªè¢«å¨ç»æï¼...is imagined...ï¼...be compared...ï¼...be required...ã第ä¸ä¸ªè¢«å¨ç»æçåé¢æå¨ä½çååºè ï¼è¿ç§è¢«å¨ææ¶åªè¦æå¨ä½ååºè æå°åé¢å°±å¯ä»¥åæ主å¨ï¼it is imagined by many that...ï¼many imagine that...å æ¤è¯èµ·æ¥ä¹æ¯è¾å®¹æï¼â许å¤äººè®¤ä¸ºâ¦âè¿å±äºè¢«å¨æ¹ä¸»å¨ç第ä¸ç§æ åµã第äºç§æ åµæ¯æ±è¯ä¸éåä»»ä½æ¹å¨å°±è½å°è¢«å¨è¯æ主å¨ï¼å¥ä¸ç¬¬äºä¸ªè¢«å¨ç»æå°±å±äºè¿ç§æ åµï¼be compared withå¯ä»¥ç´æ¥è¯ä¸ºâä¸â¦ç¸æ¯è¾âï¼å 为âä¸â¦è¢«æ¯è¾âå¨æ±è¯éæ¾ç¶æ¯é误çã第ä¸ç§æ åµåéè¦å¯¹æ´ä¸ªå¥ååå¾å¤§çè°æ´æè½æ£ç¡®å¤ç好ï¼å¥ä¸ç¬¬ä¸ä¸ªè¢«å¨ç»æåé¢è½ç¶æä»è¯byå¼å¯¼å¨ä½ååºè ï¼ä½ç®åå°äº¤æ¢ä¸»è¯å宾è¯çä½ç½®æ¾ç¶è¡ä¸éï¼è¿ç§æ åµé常æ¯ç±äºè¯ç使ç¨é æçï¼å¦ä»£è¯theyå°åºæä»ä¹ï¼å¨è¯requiredå¨å¥ä¸ç©¶ç«æ¯ä»ä¹ææï¼è§£å³è¿äºé®é¢éè¦è¿ä¸æ¥äºè§£è±æ±ä¸¤ç§è¯è¨å¨ç¨è¯ä¸çå·®å¼ã
5.è±è¯å¤ä»£è¯ï¼æ±è¯å¤åè¯ãå¨åé¢æ举çä¾åå½ä¸ï¼é¤â¢ä¹å¤ï¼å ¶ä½åæ代è¯åºç°ï¼â ä¸æitï¼â¡ä¸ætheyï¼â£ä¸åæitåtheyï¼è¿è¯´æè±è¯å¸¸ä½¿ç¨ä»£è¯ãæ±è¯è½ç¶ä¹ä½¿ç¨ä»£è¯ï¼ä½ä½¿ç¨é¢çææ¾ä¸å¦è±è¯é«ãç¿»è¯æ¶ä¸ºäºå¼æ¸ å¥åçç¡®åå«ä¹ï¼ä¸ç¥é代è¯çæ代æ åµå¾å¾æ¯ä¸è¡çï¼å 为ä¸æç½ä¸»è¯æ¯ä»ä¹æ¶è°è¯å¨è¯çææå¾å¾ä¹æ æ³ç¡®å®ï¼å¼éäºä»£è¯çæææ´ä¼ä½¿è¯æåå°å½±åãå¦â ä¸çitæåææå°çfal1acy(谬误)ï¼â¡ä¸çtheyæçæ¯æä¸è°è®ºçtest(æµè¯)ï¼â£ä¸çitæ¯å½¢å¼ä¸»è¯ï¼theyåæåé¢æå°çâthese processesâï¼èâthese processesâç¡®åä»è¯´æ¯æä¸ææ说çâthe process of these men of scienceâ(è¿äºç§å¦å®¶çæç»´è¿ç¨)ãç±äºè¿äºä»£è¯èµ·çå¾éè¦çä½ç¨ï¼è¯ææ±è¯æ¶å¾å¾å¿ é¡»è¿å为åè¯ï¼è¿çèµ·æ¥æ¯å 大äºç¿»è¯çé¾åº¦ï¼å®é ä¸å´æ¯å¨èæ¥ä½ 对å¥åçç解ï¼éå°è¿ç§æ åµæ¶æ们è¦åäºä»æç« ä¸å¯»æ¾çº¿ç´¢ï¼æå¥åçç¡®åå«ä¹è¡¨è¾¾åºæ¥ãç°å¨æ们çä¾â£çä¸æç¿»è¯ï¼
许å¤äººè®¤ä¸ºï¼æ®é人çæç»´æ´»å¨æ ¹æ¬æ æ³åç§å¦å®¶çæç»´è¿ç¨ç¸æ¯è¾ï¼ä»ä»¬å¹¶è®¤ä¸ºè¿äº(ç§å¦å®¶ç)æç»´è¿ç¨å¿ é¡»ç»è¿æç§ä¸é¨è®ç»æè½ææ¡ã
注æ代è¯theyè¯æäºåè¯ââ¦æç»´è¿ç¨âï¼be requiredè¯æäºâææ¡âï¼ä¸ä½è¢«å¨æ²¡æäºï¼èä¸è¯ä¹åçäºå¾å¤§çååï¼è¿æ¶æ们就èªç¶ä¼æ³å°è±æ±è¡¨è¾¾çä¸ä¸ä¸ªåºå«ã
6.è±è¯å¤å¼ç³ï¼æ±è¯å¤æ¨çãå¦requireä¸è¯å¨è±è¯æ±å¥åä¸ç»å¸¸åºç°ãæ们çæè§æ¯ï¼è¿ä¸ªè¯ææ认è¯ï¼å´ä¸ç¥éå®çç¡®åå«ä¹ï¼æè æ¯æç¡®ç¥éå®ä¸æ¯æ们已ç»äºè§£çé£ä¸ªè¯ä¹ãå ¶ä¸åå å¯è½å¾å¤æï¼ä½è±è¯ä¸ç两å¥ä¿è¯ä¹è®¸è½ç»æ们ä¸äºå¯è¿ªï¼ä¸å¥æ¯âYou know a word by the company it keepsâ(è¦ç¥éä¸ä¸ªè¯çææå°±è¦çå®å¨å´æ¯ä»ä¹è¯)ï¼å¦ä¸å¥æ¯âWords do not have meaningï¼but people have meaning for themâ(è¯æ¬æ ä¹ï¼ä¹é人ç)ãä¹å°±æ¯è¯´ï¼è¯å¨ç¹å®çç¯å¢ä¸å¾å¾ä¼äº§çæ°çå«ä¹ãä»åä½è çè§åº¦æ¥è¯´ï¼è¿ä¸ªæ°çè¯ä¹ä¸è¬é½æ¯åæè¯ä¹çå¼ç³ï¼ä»ç¿»è¯è çè§åº¦æ¥çï¼è¿ä¸ªå¼ç³ä¾¿åæäºæ¨çãä¸é¢æ们çä¸ä¸ªä¾åï¼
â¤While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.
ârecreateâè¯å ¸ä¸è§£é为âéæ°åé âåâ娱ä¹âï¼ä½æ 论æ¯âéæ°åé âè¿æ¯â娱ä¹âé½ä¸ç¬¦åå¥åçææï¼å 为åå²æ¢ä¸è½âéæ°åé âä¹ä¸è½â娱ä¹ââthe significant events of the pastâ(è¿å»çé大åå²äºä»¶)ãä»å¸¸è¯ä¸å¤æï¼recreateè¯æâåç°âæ¯è¾ç¬¦å客è§äºå®ï¼å æ¤è¿å¥è¯åºè¯æï¼
å°½ç®¡å ³äºåå²çå®ä¹ååå²å¦å®¶å ä¹ä¸æ ·å¤ï¼ç°ä»£å®è·µæ符åè¿æ ·ä¸ç§å®ä¹ï¼å³æååçä½æ¯å¯¹è¿å»é大åå²äºä»¶çåç°å解éã
注æ代è¯oneè¯æäºåè¯âå®ä¹âãè±è¯ä¸ºä»ä¹ç¨oneï¼æ±è¯ä¸ºä»ä¹ç¨âå®ä¹âï¼è¿åæ¶åå°ä¸¤ç§è¯è¨å¨è¡¨è¾¾ä¸çå¦å¤ä¸ä¸ªåºå«ã
7.è±è¯å¤æ¥åï¼æ±è¯å¤éå¤ãåé¢è®²è¿è±è¯éç»æãæ±è¯éè¯ä¹ï¼è¿ä¸å·®å«å¯¼è´äºä¸¤ç§è¯è¨å¨è¡¨è¾¾ç¸åæ¦å¿µæ¶çå·®å¼ï¼è±è¯è¦ä¹æ¹å表达æ¹å¼ï¼è¦ä¹æ¢ä¸ä¸ªä¸åçè¯ï¼å¦ä¸é¢ååæå°çone便æ¯ç¨ä»£è¯ä»£æ¿åè¯ï¼ä»¥é¿å éå¤ä½¿ç¨definitionä¸è¯ï¼ä¾â ä¸çview...asåequate...withå ¶å®é½æ¯æâ认为âæâæâ¦çä½æ¯âï¼ä¾â¢ä¸çhistorical workåhistorical inquiryå®é ä¸é½æ¯âåå²ç 究âçææï¼è¯ææ±è¯æ¶åä¸ä¸å®è¦æè¿ç§ååï¼è¯¥éå¤æ¶å°±éå¤ï¼åªè¦æææ£ç¡®å°±è¡ãåé¢å个ä¾å¥ä¸çè¯ææå¤æå°é½æä¸äºéå¤ç°è±¡ï¼è¿ä¾¿æ¯æ好çä¾è¯ãä¸é¢æ们çè±æ±è¡¨è¾¾çæåä¸ä¸ªåºå«ã
8.è±è¯å¤æ½è±¡ï¼æ±è¯å¤å ·ä½ãæè°æ½è±¡å®é ä¸æ¯æä¸äºè®©äººä¼¼æéæç表达æ¹æ³ï¼è±è¯æ±å¦æé½æ¯ä¸çå°±æç½çå¥åï¼é£ä¾¿å¤±å»äºèè¿ç§é¢åçæä¹ï¼æ以èçæè§å°å¾å¤è±è¯æ±å¥åé½æ¯è¾æ½è±¡æ¯å¾æ£å¸¸çï¼èç¿»è¯çæç»ç®çæ¯è®©äººæç½å¥åçææï¼å æ¤è¯æä¸ä¸è½åºç°è®©äººä¼¼æéæç表达ãä»è¿ä¸ªæä¹ä¸è®²ï¼çç¡®æ¯è±è¯ä¸æ½è±¡çå 容å¤ï¼æ±è¯ä¸å ·ä½çå 容å¤ã请çä¸é¢çå¥åï¼
â¢Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physicsï¼and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true the better part of a decade that it is true.
è¿å¥è¯æä¸ä¸ªå°æ¹æ¯è¾æ½è±¡ï¼ä¸æ¯consequenceï¼äºæ¯respected ideasï¼ä¸æ¯for the better part of a decadeãé¦å æ们çä¸çconsequenceï¼å®çè¯å ¸æææ¯âåæãç»æâï¼ç¨è¿ä¸ªè¯ä¹æ¥è¯´æcosmic inflation(å®å®è¨è说)ä¼¼ä¹æ²¡æåä¸è¦å®³ï¼å 为æç« åè¯æ们å®æ¯ä»Big Bang(大çç¸è®º)åå±èµ·æ¥çä¸ç§è§ç¹ï¼ç¡®åä»è¯´åºè¯¥æ¯ä¸ç§âæ¨è®ºâï¼respected ideasç»äººæè§å¥½è±¡å¯æä¼ä¸å¯è¨ä¼ ï¼å 为âåå°æ¬çç论âæ¾ç¶ä¸æ¯æ¸ æ¥æç½çä¸æï¼âå ¬è®¤çç论âæä¼è®©äººä¸ç®äºç¶ï¼è³äºfor the better part of a decadeï¼é¦å betterä¸è¯ç¨å¾æ¯è¾æªï¼æ ¹æ®âyou know a word by the company it keepsâååï¼æ们åºè¯¥ä»partådecade两个è¯æ¨åºbetterå¨æ¤ç¸å½äºgreaterï¼èâåå¹´ä¸ç大é¨åæ¶é´âåæ¯ä»ä¹ææå¢ï¼ç¨âGet the meaningï¼forget the wordsâçåæ³æ们便å¯ä»¥å¾å°ä¸ä¸ªå°éçä¸æ表达ï¼âä¸å «å¹´âãä¸é¢æ¯æ´å¥è¯çç¿»è¯ï¼å®å®è¨èè½ç¶å¬ä¼¼å¥ç¹ï¼ä½å®æ¯åºæ¬ç²åç©çå¦ä¸ä¸äºå ¬è®¤ç论å¨ç§å¦ä¸çæ¥å¯ä¿¡çæ¨è®ºï¼ä¸å «å¹´æ¥è®¸å¤å¤©ä½ç©çå¦å®¶æ¥ä¸ç´è®¤ä¸ºè¿ä¸å¦è¯´æ¯æ£ç¡®çã
å°æ½è±¡åä¸ºå ·ä½éè¦ææ·±åçè±è¯åæ±è¯ååºï¼åªæç¨å¿å¦ä¹ ãåå¤å®è·µç人æè½è¾¾å°çç«çº¯éçå¢çã
â It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians, who equate their activity with specific techniquesã
è¿ä¸ªå¥åæ°è¾¾30个åè¯ï¼æ¯ä¸ªå ¸åçå¤æå¥ãä»å 容ä¸è®²ï¼å®ä¸»è¦æä¾ä¸¤ä¸ªæ¹é¢çä¿¡æ¯ï¼ä¸æ¯It applies to... historians,äºæ¯historiansçå ·ä½æ åµï¼ä»ç»æä¸è®²ï¼å®æ¯ä¸ä¸ªä¸»å¥å¸¦ä¸¤ä¸ªç±whoå¼å¯¼çä»å¥ã尽管ç»æå¤æãä¿¡æ¯é大ï¼è¿å¥è¯å¨è±è¯é并ä¸ç´ä¹±ï¼å 为å¥åç»æç¯ç¯ç¸æ£ï¼è¯ä¹æ¸ æ¥æ¥ï¼whoå¼å¯¼çå®è¯ä»å¥æ¾å¨åè¯åé¢ä¿®é¥°è¿ä¸ªåè¯ï¼è¿æ¯è±è¯ä¸è¾å¸¸è§ç表达形å¼ï¼ä¸¤ä¸ªä»å¥çè¯ä¹æ¢ç¸å¯¹ç¬ç«ï¼åå主å¥è¿æä¸ä½ãå¦ææè¿ä¸ªå¥åæ¹æï¼It applies equally to traditional historians and to social science historians. Traditional historians(or the former) view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources. Social science historians (or the latter) equate their activity with specific techniques.表达çææå®å ¨ä¸æ ·ï¼ä½æ¯è¡¨è¾¾æ¹å¼ç¥æ¾å¹³æ·¡ãç½åï¼è¿è¯´æè±è¯è¡¨è¾¾é常éè§å¥åç»æï¼å¥åç»æä¸çéå½å®æå¾å¾å¯ä»¥è¾¾å°æ´å¥½ç表达ææã
ä»æ±è¯çè¡¨è¾¾ä¹ æ¯æ¥çï¼å¥åä¸è¬ä¸å®åå¾å¤ªé¿ï¼ä¿®é¥°æåè¿å¤æè¿é¿ä¼é æå§å®¾å¤ºä¸»ãè¯ä¹å«æ··ãæ们å çä¸çè¿å¥è¯çç´è¯ï¼
å®åæ ·éç¨äºå°åå²ä» ä» çä½æ¯å¯¹åå²æææ¥æºçå é¨çåå¤é¨çæ¹è¯çä¼ ç»åå²å¦å®¶ï¼åæåå²ç 究活å¨çåäºå ·ä½ç 究æ¹æ³ç社ä¼ç§å¦åå²å¦å®¶ã
è¿æ ·çè¯æåæ¯å¾å¿ å®ï¼ä½å¨è¡¨è¾¾ä¸å´ä¸åæ¯ä¸æï¼è¯è è¯çæ¶åè´¹å²ï¼è¯»è 读çæ¶åä¹è´¹å²ãç°å¨æ们æè¯æè°æ´ä¸ä¸ï¼
å®åæ ·éç¨äºä¼ ç»åå²å¦å®¶å社ä¼ç§å¦åå²å¦å®¶ï¼ä¼ ç»åå²å¦å®¶(æåè )å°åå²ä» ä» çä½æ¯å¯¹åå²æææ¥æºçå é¨çåå¤é¨çæ¹è¯ï¼ç¤¾ä¼ç§å¦åå²å¦å®¶(æåè )æåå²ç 究活å¨çåäºå ·ä½çç 究æ¹æ³ã
å¾æ¾ç¶ï¼è°æ´åçè¯æç»äººæ´æ¸ æ¥ãæ´é¡ºç çæè§ãå¾å·§çæ¯ï¼å®ä¸æ¹ååçè±è¯å¥åç»æä¸æ´å æ¥è¿ï¼è¿è¯´ææ±è¯ä¸éè¦éè¿å¤æçç»ææé«è¡¨è¾¾æ°´å¹³ï¼åªè¦æææ¸ æ¥ãæ£ç¡®ï¼è¡¨è¾¾æ¹å¼ä¸å¯ä»¥ææ´å¤çèªç±ã
2.è±è¯å¤é¿å¥ï¼æ±è¯å¤çå¥ãç±äºè±è¯éç»æï¼æ±è¯éè¯ä¹ï¼è±è¯å¥åå¾å¾æ¯è¾é¿ï¼æ±è¯å¥åå常常æ¯è¾çãè¿ä¸ç¹ä¸è¿°ä¾å¥çç¿»è¯å·²ç»è¡¨ç°å¾å¾æ¸ æ¥ãå¼æ¸ è¿ä¸åºå«ä¹åï¼ç¿»è¯æ¶ä¼çæå½ç¶å°æè±åæçæç¼ï¼äºåä¸å®ç主å¨ï¼è¿ä¾¿æ¯é±é书å çæ说çâget the meaning, forget the wordsâ(å¾æå¿è¨)ãè¦æ³é¡ºå©å®æè¿ç§å½¢å¼ä¸ç转åï¼å ³é®æ¯è¦å好对è±è¯é¿å¥çç»æåæï¼æé¿å¥ææ群ååæè¥å¹²ä¸ªå°æ®µã请çä¸é¢çä¾å¥ï¼
â¡For exampleï¼they do not compensate for gross social inequalityï¼and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.
è¿å¥è¯é¿è¾¾31个åè¯ãä»ç»æä¸è®²ï¼å®æ¯ä¸»å¥(they do not...)+并åè°è¯(and do not...)+宾è¯ä»å¥(how able an underprivileged youngster might...)+æ¡ä»¶ç¶è¯ä»å¥(had he...)ï¼ä»èµä¹ä¸è®²ï¼å®æåå±ææï¼ä¸è½â¦å æ¤ä¸è½â¦ä¼æå¤å¤§çæå¹²â¦å¦æâ¦ãæ ¹æ®å¯¹è¿ä¸ªå¥åçç»æåæåè¯ä¹åæï¼æ们å¯ä»¥æå®ååæå个å°æ®µï¼
For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell/how able an underprivileged youngster might have beenï¼had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.
ç±äºæ¯ä¸å°æ®µå å«ä¸ä¸ªæ群ï¼åååæ们就å¯ä»¥è¯è¯æï¼
ä¾å¦ï¼å®ä»¬ä¸è½å¼¥è¡¥å·¨å¤§ç社ä¼ä¸å ¬ï¼å æ¤ä¸è½è¯´æä¸ä¸ªç©è´¨æ¡ä»¶å·®ç年轻人ä¼æå¤å¤§æå¹²ï¼å¦æä»å¨è¾å¥½çç¯å¢ä¸é¿å¤§ã
è¿æ ·çè¯æå¯ä»¥è¯´å·²ç»å¾æ¸ æ¥ï¼æ±è¯ä¹åºæ¬è¿å¾å»ï¼ä½ä»ç»æ£æ¥ä¸ä¸ãæ们ä»ç¶åç°æ±è¯è¡¨è¾¾ä¸è¿æè±è¯çå½±åï¼é£å°±æ¯è¡¨ç¤ºæ¡ä»¶çâå¦æâ¦âæ¾å¨å¥åæåä¸å¤§ç¬¦åæ±è¯çè¡¨è¾¾ä¹ æ¯ãæ¥ä¸æ¥æ们就è¦è®²ä¸è®²è±è¯ä¸æ±è¯å¨è¿ä¸ªæ¹é¢çå·®å¼ã
3.è±è¯å¤åéå¿ï¼æ±è¯å¤åéå¿ãæè°åéå¿æ¯å 说ç»æå说ç»èãåéå¿åæ¯å 说ç»èå说ç»æãç±äºæ±è¯å¤æéå¿æ¾å¨åé¢ï¼ä¸è¿°è¯æåºè¯¥ä¿®æ¹æï¼â¦ä¸ä¸ªç©è´¨æ¡ä»¶å·®ç年轻人ï¼å¦æå¨è¾å¥½çç¯å¢ä¸é¿å¤§ï¼ä¼æå¤å¤§æå¹²ãä¸é¢æ们åçä¸ä¾ï¼
â¢There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in genelral or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiryã
æ ¹æ®å¥åç»æåè¯ä¹åæï¼è¿ä¸ªå¥åå¯åæäºæ®µï¼ä¸»å¥(There is no...)+ä»å¥(whether...)+åç½®å®è¯(peculiar to...)+éæ©æ§å¹¶åä»å¥(or...)+åç½®å®è¯(appropriate to...)ãä»è¯ä¹ä¸è®²ï¼ä¸»å¥è®²çæ¯ç»æï¼ä»å¥è¯´çæ¯ç»èãæ ¹æ®æ±è¯çè¡¨è¾¾ä¹ æ¯ï¼ä¸æè¯æç表达顺åºä¸åææ£å¥½ç¸åï¼
æ¹æ³è®ºæ¯æä¸è¬çåå²ç 究ä¸ç¹æçæ¦å¿µï¼è¿æ¯æåå²ç 究ä¸åä¸ªå ·ä½é¢åéç¨çç 究æ¹æ³ï¼äººä»¬å¯¹æ¤æè§ä¸ä¸ã
å¦ææè±è¯ç表达顺åºæ¥ç¿»è¯ï¼ä¸æç®ç´æ æ³é顺ãç±äºä¸äºè§£å ¶ä¸çéçï¼æçèçå¨ç¿»è¯è¿å¥è¯çæ¶ååªå¥½æªæ²âthere is no agreementâçææï¼ä¸å¢æ æ¿å°è¯ä¸ºâ没æ人åæâãâ没æåªä¸ªèµææè§âççï¼æ´ä¸ªè¯ææ å±è±çï¼å°±è¿èªå·±ä¹ä¸ç¥éå¨è¯´ä»ä¹ï¼å¯è§ä¸äºè§£è¯è¨è¡¨è¾¾ä¸çå·®å¼ä¼å¸¦æ¥å¤ä¹å¤§çå±å®³ã
4.è±è¯å¤è¢«å¨ï¼æ±è¯å¤ä¸»å¨ãç¨å¾®ç»å¿ä¸ç¹ç人é½ä¼åç°ï¼è±è¯éé¢ç»å¸¸ä½¿ç¨è¢«å¨ç»æï¼èæ±è¯éå´å¾å°ä½¿ç¨è¢«å¨ç»æãé¢å¯¹è¿ä¸çç¾ï¼æ们å½ç¶ä¸è½å°æ¯ä¸ä¸ªè¢«å¨ç»æé½æºæ¢°å°ç §ç¿»ï¼ä¸å®è¦æ ¹æ®å ·ä½æ åµè¿è¡éå½çå¤çãç°å¨æ们çä¸é¢çä¾åï¼
â£And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can by no means be compared with these processesï¼and that they have to be required by a sort of special training.
è¿ä¸ªå¥åæä¸ä¸ªè¢«å¨ç»æï¼...is imagined...ï¼...be compared...ï¼...be required...ã第ä¸ä¸ªè¢«å¨ç»æçåé¢æå¨ä½çååºè ï¼è¿ç§è¢«å¨ææ¶åªè¦æå¨ä½ååºè æå°åé¢å°±å¯ä»¥åæ主å¨ï¼it is imagined by many that...ï¼many imagine that...å æ¤è¯èµ·æ¥ä¹æ¯è¾å®¹æï¼â许å¤äººè®¤ä¸ºâ¦âè¿å±äºè¢«å¨æ¹ä¸»å¨ç第ä¸ç§æ åµã第äºç§æ åµæ¯æ±è¯ä¸éåä»»ä½æ¹å¨å°±è½å°è¢«å¨è¯æ主å¨ï¼å¥ä¸ç¬¬äºä¸ªè¢«å¨ç»æå°±å±äºè¿ç§æ åµï¼be compared withå¯ä»¥ç´æ¥è¯ä¸ºâä¸â¦ç¸æ¯è¾âï¼å 为âä¸â¦è¢«æ¯è¾âå¨æ±è¯éæ¾ç¶æ¯é误çã第ä¸ç§æ åµåéè¦å¯¹æ´ä¸ªå¥ååå¾å¤§çè°æ´æè½æ£ç¡®å¤ç好ï¼å¥ä¸ç¬¬ä¸ä¸ªè¢«å¨ç»æåé¢è½ç¶æä»è¯byå¼å¯¼å¨ä½ååºè ï¼ä½ç®åå°äº¤æ¢ä¸»è¯å宾è¯çä½ç½®æ¾ç¶è¡ä¸éï¼è¿ç§æ åµé常æ¯ç±äºè¯ç使ç¨é æçï¼å¦ä»£è¯theyå°åºæä»ä¹ï¼å¨è¯requiredå¨å¥ä¸ç©¶ç«æ¯ä»ä¹ææï¼è§£å³è¿äºé®é¢éè¦è¿ä¸æ¥äºè§£è±æ±ä¸¤ç§è¯è¨å¨ç¨è¯ä¸çå·®å¼ã
5.è±è¯å¤ä»£è¯ï¼æ±è¯å¤åè¯ãå¨åé¢æ举çä¾åå½ä¸ï¼é¤â¢ä¹å¤ï¼å ¶ä½åæ代è¯åºç°ï¼â ä¸æitï¼â¡ä¸ætheyï¼â£ä¸åæitåtheyï¼è¿è¯´æè±è¯å¸¸ä½¿ç¨ä»£è¯ãæ±è¯è½ç¶ä¹ä½¿ç¨ä»£è¯ï¼ä½ä½¿ç¨é¢çææ¾ä¸å¦è±è¯é«ãç¿»è¯æ¶ä¸ºäºå¼æ¸ å¥åçç¡®åå«ä¹ï¼ä¸ç¥é代è¯çæ代æ åµå¾å¾æ¯ä¸è¡çï¼å 为ä¸æç½ä¸»è¯æ¯ä»ä¹æ¶è°è¯å¨è¯çææå¾å¾ä¹æ æ³ç¡®å®ï¼å¼éäºä»£è¯çæææ´ä¼ä½¿è¯æåå°å½±åãå¦â ä¸çitæåææå°çfal1acy(谬误)ï¼â¡ä¸çtheyæçæ¯æä¸è°è®ºçtest(æµè¯)ï¼â£ä¸çitæ¯å½¢å¼ä¸»è¯ï¼theyåæåé¢æå°çâthese processesâï¼èâthese processesâç¡®åä»è¯´æ¯æä¸ææ说çâthe process of these men of scienceâ(è¿äºç§å¦å®¶çæç»´è¿ç¨)ãç±äºè¿äºä»£è¯èµ·çå¾éè¦çä½ç¨ï¼è¯ææ±è¯æ¶å¾å¾å¿ é¡»è¿å为åè¯ï¼è¿çèµ·æ¥æ¯å 大äºç¿»è¯çé¾åº¦ï¼å®é ä¸å´æ¯å¨èæ¥ä½ 对å¥åçç解ï¼éå°è¿ç§æ åµæ¶æ们è¦åäºä»æç« ä¸å¯»æ¾çº¿ç´¢ï¼æå¥åçç¡®åå«ä¹è¡¨è¾¾åºæ¥ãç°å¨æ们çä¾â£çä¸æç¿»è¯ï¼
许å¤äººè®¤ä¸ºï¼æ®é人çæç»´æ´»å¨æ ¹æ¬æ æ³åç§å¦å®¶çæç»´è¿ç¨ç¸æ¯è¾ï¼ä»ä»¬å¹¶è®¤ä¸ºè¿äº(ç§å¦å®¶ç)æç»´è¿ç¨å¿ é¡»ç»è¿æç§ä¸é¨è®ç»æè½ææ¡ã
注æ代è¯theyè¯æäºåè¯ââ¦æç»´è¿ç¨âï¼be requiredè¯æäºâææ¡âï¼ä¸ä½è¢«å¨æ²¡æäºï¼èä¸è¯ä¹åçäºå¾å¤§çååï¼è¿æ¶æ们就èªç¶ä¼æ³å°è±æ±è¡¨è¾¾çä¸ä¸ä¸ªåºå«ã
6.è±è¯å¤å¼ç³ï¼æ±è¯å¤æ¨çãå¦requireä¸è¯å¨è±è¯æ±å¥åä¸ç»å¸¸åºç°ãæ们çæè§æ¯ï¼è¿ä¸ªè¯ææ认è¯ï¼å´ä¸ç¥éå®çç¡®åå«ä¹ï¼æè æ¯æç¡®ç¥éå®ä¸æ¯æ们已ç»äºè§£çé£ä¸ªè¯ä¹ãå ¶ä¸åå å¯è½å¾å¤æï¼ä½è±è¯ä¸ç两å¥ä¿è¯ä¹è®¸è½ç»æ们ä¸äºå¯è¿ªï¼ä¸å¥æ¯âYou know a word by the company it keepsâ(è¦ç¥éä¸ä¸ªè¯çææå°±è¦çå®å¨å´æ¯ä»ä¹è¯)ï¼å¦ä¸å¥æ¯âWords do not have meaningï¼but people have meaning for themâ(è¯æ¬æ ä¹ï¼ä¹é人ç)ãä¹å°±æ¯è¯´ï¼è¯å¨ç¹å®çç¯å¢ä¸å¾å¾ä¼äº§çæ°çå«ä¹ãä»åä½è çè§åº¦æ¥è¯´ï¼è¿ä¸ªæ°çè¯ä¹ä¸è¬é½æ¯åæè¯ä¹çå¼ç³ï¼ä»ç¿»è¯è çè§åº¦æ¥çï¼è¿ä¸ªå¼ç³ä¾¿åæäºæ¨çãä¸é¢æ们çä¸ä¸ªä¾åï¼
â¤While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.
ârecreateâè¯å ¸ä¸è§£é为âéæ°åé âåâ娱ä¹âï¼ä½æ 论æ¯âéæ°åé âè¿æ¯â娱ä¹âé½ä¸ç¬¦åå¥åçææï¼å 为åå²æ¢ä¸è½âéæ°åé âä¹ä¸è½â娱ä¹ââthe significant events of the pastâ(è¿å»çé大åå²äºä»¶)ãä»å¸¸è¯ä¸å¤æï¼recreateè¯æâåç°âæ¯è¾ç¬¦å客è§äºå®ï¼å æ¤è¿å¥è¯åºè¯æï¼
å°½ç®¡å ³äºåå²çå®ä¹ååå²å¦å®¶å ä¹ä¸æ ·å¤ï¼ç°ä»£å®è·µæ符åè¿æ ·ä¸ç§å®ä¹ï¼å³æååçä½æ¯å¯¹è¿å»é大åå²äºä»¶çåç°å解éã
注æ代è¯oneè¯æäºåè¯âå®ä¹âãè±è¯ä¸ºä»ä¹ç¨oneï¼æ±è¯ä¸ºä»ä¹ç¨âå®ä¹âï¼è¿åæ¶åå°ä¸¤ç§è¯è¨å¨è¡¨è¾¾ä¸çå¦å¤ä¸ä¸ªåºå«ã
7.è±è¯å¤æ¥åï¼æ±è¯å¤éå¤ãåé¢è®²è¿è±è¯éç»æãæ±è¯éè¯ä¹ï¼è¿ä¸å·®å«å¯¼è´äºä¸¤ç§è¯è¨å¨è¡¨è¾¾ç¸åæ¦å¿µæ¶çå·®å¼ï¼è±è¯è¦ä¹æ¹å表达æ¹å¼ï¼è¦ä¹æ¢ä¸ä¸ªä¸åçè¯ï¼å¦ä¸é¢ååæå°çone便æ¯ç¨ä»£è¯ä»£æ¿åè¯ï¼ä»¥é¿å éå¤ä½¿ç¨definitionä¸è¯ï¼ä¾â ä¸çview...asåequate...withå ¶å®é½æ¯æâ认为âæâæâ¦çä½æ¯âï¼ä¾â¢ä¸çhistorical workåhistorical inquiryå®é ä¸é½æ¯âåå²ç 究âçææï¼è¯ææ±è¯æ¶åä¸ä¸å®è¦æè¿ç§ååï¼è¯¥éå¤æ¶å°±éå¤ï¼åªè¦æææ£ç¡®å°±è¡ãåé¢å个ä¾å¥ä¸çè¯ææå¤æå°é½æä¸äºéå¤ç°è±¡ï¼è¿ä¾¿æ¯æ好çä¾è¯ãä¸é¢æ们çè±æ±è¡¨è¾¾çæåä¸ä¸ªåºå«ã
8.è±è¯å¤æ½è±¡ï¼æ±è¯å¤å ·ä½ãæè°æ½è±¡å®é ä¸æ¯æä¸äºè®©äººä¼¼æéæç表达æ¹æ³ï¼è±è¯æ±å¦æé½æ¯ä¸çå°±æç½çå¥åï¼é£ä¾¿å¤±å»äºèè¿ç§é¢åçæä¹ï¼æ以èçæè§å°å¾å¤è±è¯æ±å¥åé½æ¯è¾æ½è±¡æ¯å¾æ£å¸¸çï¼èç¿»è¯çæç»ç®çæ¯è®©äººæç½å¥åçææï¼å æ¤è¯æä¸ä¸è½åºç°è®©äººä¼¼æéæç表达ãä»è¿ä¸ªæä¹ä¸è®²ï¼çç¡®æ¯è±è¯ä¸æ½è±¡çå 容å¤ï¼æ±è¯ä¸å ·ä½çå 容å¤ã请çä¸é¢çå¥åï¼
â¢Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physicsï¼and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true the better part of a decade that it is true.
è¿å¥è¯æä¸ä¸ªå°æ¹æ¯è¾æ½è±¡ï¼ä¸æ¯consequenceï¼äºæ¯respected ideasï¼ä¸æ¯for the better part of a decadeãé¦å æ们çä¸çconsequenceï¼å®çè¯å ¸æææ¯âåæãç»æâï¼ç¨è¿ä¸ªè¯ä¹æ¥è¯´æcosmic inflation(å®å®è¨è说)ä¼¼ä¹æ²¡æåä¸è¦å®³ï¼å 为æç« åè¯æ们å®æ¯ä»Big Bang(大çç¸è®º)åå±èµ·æ¥çä¸ç§è§ç¹ï¼ç¡®åä»è¯´åºè¯¥æ¯ä¸ç§âæ¨è®ºâï¼respected ideasç»äººæè§å¥½è±¡å¯æä¼ä¸å¯è¨ä¼ ï¼å 为âåå°æ¬çç论âæ¾ç¶ä¸æ¯æ¸ æ¥æç½çä¸æï¼âå ¬è®¤çç论âæä¼è®©äººä¸ç®äºç¶ï¼è³äºfor the better part of a decadeï¼é¦å betterä¸è¯ç¨å¾æ¯è¾æªï¼æ ¹æ®âyou know a word by the company it keepsâååï¼æ们åºè¯¥ä»partådecade两个è¯æ¨åºbetterå¨æ¤ç¸å½äºgreaterï¼èâåå¹´ä¸ç大é¨åæ¶é´âåæ¯ä»ä¹ææå¢ï¼ç¨âGet the meaningï¼forget the wordsâçåæ³æ们便å¯ä»¥å¾å°ä¸ä¸ªå°éçä¸æ表达ï¼âä¸å «å¹´âãä¸é¢æ¯æ´å¥è¯çç¿»è¯ï¼å®å®è¨èè½ç¶å¬ä¼¼å¥ç¹ï¼ä½å®æ¯åºæ¬ç²åç©çå¦ä¸ä¸äºå ¬è®¤ç论å¨ç§å¦ä¸çæ¥å¯ä¿¡çæ¨è®ºï¼ä¸å «å¹´æ¥è®¸å¤å¤©ä½ç©çå¦å®¶æ¥ä¸ç´è®¤ä¸ºè¿ä¸å¦è¯´æ¯æ£ç¡®çã
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第1个回答 2020-03-02