一、前言
语言作为人类交流的工具顺应着社会的需要而产生，又随着社会的发展而发展。它像社会文化的其他方面一样，很少能自给自足。叶斯帕森曾说: “没有任何一种语言是绝对纯洁的，我们也找不出一个没有吸收外来词的民族。”( 转引高瑛，2001) 由于交往的需要，语言之间相互借用的现象不可避免。英语作为一门国际性语言，其借词现象更为普遍。据美国《读者文摘》(Reader’s Digest，1990，6) 称，英语的词汇量已达二百万，在这二百万的单词中，几乎有一半是外来词。英语外来词如此之广泛，外来词始于何时，是通过什么样途径借用的，是由于什么原因导致英语大量外来词，外来词在英语中什么地位，它是如何演变来的？本文通过对这一系列问题的探讨，旨在使读者对英语词汇有更为准确而全面的了解，对我们的语言教学和语言学习有所启迪。
二、英语中的外来词的来源
斯基特的《词源词典》（Skeat'sEtymologicalDictionary）中记载，土生土长的英语词汇只占22.6%，直接或间接来自法语的词汇占英语词汇的26.4%，直接来自拉丁语的占15.8%，其余则来自其他几十种语言，主要有斯堪的纳维亚语、日耳曼语、意大利语、希腊语、印度语、阿拉伯语等。因此，英语词汇被称为“世界性词汇”（cosmopolitanvocabulary）。
（一）来自法语的外来词
英语属印欧语系（Indo-Europeanlanguagefamily）中日耳曼语族（Germanicstock），法语属印欧语系中的罗曼语族（leslanguesromanes）。法语对英语的巨大影响是在历史上长期形成的。
公元1066年，法国诺曼底公爵征服者威廉侵入英国，并加冕为英格兰国王。诺曼底征服者是将当时已发达的法国封建主义文明带到了农村公社刚解体、封建庄园初步出现的英国。在人类历史上，总是代表较高社会形态的文化、语言更多地影响尚处于落后社会形态的民族的文化和语言。因此，当英国急需加速封建化进程时，便十分自然地向法语借用反映上层建筑和意识形态方面的词汇。法语对英语的影响十分广泛深远，包括文化、语言、礼仪和建筑等。法语词借入英语大体经历了4个阶段。
第一个阶段起始于诺曼底人的征服，法语成为官方语言达300年之久，这个时期，法语成为把英语和地中海文明与古希腊、罗马文化重新联系起来的纽带。文艺复兴时期，法语词涌入英语达到第二个阶段，但数量远远少于第一阶段。在斯图亚特王朝复辟期间，法语词借入英语达到第三个阶段。19世纪是法语进入英语的最后一个阶段。这4个阶段法语借词的构成分别是：前两个阶段主要是政府与行政管理、司法和宗教领域等方面与统治阶级关系密切的词汇，如：empire，govern，judge，jury，virgin等；第三个阶段主要是军事和日常生活用语，如：soldier，army，navy，embroidery，gown等；第四个阶段主要是文学、艺术、外交、饮食方面的词汇，如：art，literature，poet，beauty，menu等。
因此，可以说法语和法国文化渗透到英语的各个方面。它们不仅丰富和扩大了英语词汇的数量，而且在英语里留下了其文化背景的烙印。
I. Introduction
Language as a tool for human communication conform to the needs of the community generated, but also the development along with the development of society. It is like all other aspects of social culture, very few self-sufficient. Jespersen said: "There is no kind of language is absolutely pure, and we could not find any one nation does not absorb foreign words." (Quoted Gao Ying, 2001) due to the need for communication, language borrowing between phenomenon is inevitable. English as an international language, their excuse was more widespread. According to the United States, "Reader's Digest" (Reader's Digest, 1990,6) said it has reached two million in English vocabulary, in this two million words, almost half are foreign words. Of English loan words are so broad, foreign words began when, through what channels to use, and is due to what caused a large number of English loan words, foreign words in English, what position, how it evolved come from? In this paper, a series of questions on this discussion, aimed at readers of English words have a more accurate and comprehensive understanding of our language teaching and language learning has been enlightening.
Second, English words of foreign origin
Skeat's "Etymological Dictionary" (Skeat'sEtymologicalDictionary) recorded, native-born accounted for only 22.6% of English vocabulary, directly or indirectly from the French vocabulary of English words accounted for 26.4%, directly from the Latin accounted for 15.8% the rest came from dozens of other languages, mainly Scandinavian, Germanic, Italian, Greek, Hindi, Arabic and so on. Therefore, the English vocabulary is called "universal words" (cosmopolitanvocabulary).
(A) from the French loan words
English is Indo-European (Indo-Europeanlanguagefamily) in the Germanic languages (Germanicstock), French in the Romance languages are Indo-European family (leslanguesromanes). French great influence on English is a long history of the formation.
AD 1066, the French Duke of Normandy, William the Conqueror invaded England, and was crowned as the King of England. Conqueror of Normandy is in France was already well-developed civilization, feudalism had just brought the disintegration of the rural communes, the initial emergence of the English feudal manor. In human history, always represents a higher form of society's culture, language more impact on society is still in a backward form of the nation's culture and language. Therefore, when the British needed to accelerate the process of feudalism, they quite naturally to the French borrowing reflects the superstructure and ideological terms. The impact of French on English is very far-reaching, including culture, language, etiquette and construction. French word borrowed English has undergone four stages.
The first phase began with the Norman conquest, French became the official language of over 300 years, this period, French became the language and the Mediterranean civilization and ancient Greek, Roman culture and re-linked bonds. The Renaissance period, the influx of French words in English to reach the second stage, but the number was far fewer than the first phase. During the restoration of the Stuart dynasty, French, English borrowed the word to reach the third stage. 19th century French into English, the final stage. The four stages of the composition of borrowed words from French are: the first two phases are mainly government and administration, judicial and religious spheres, and other matters close to the ruling class terms, such as: empire, govern, judge, jury, virgin, etc.; Article three phases are mainly military and everyday phrases, such as: soldier, army, navy, embroidery, gown, etc.; The fourth stage will focus on literature, art, diplomacy, eating terms, such as: art, literature, poet, beauty , menu and so on.
Therefore, we can speak French and French culture, penetrate into all aspects of the English language. They not only enrich and expand the number of English vocabulary, but also in English, cultural background has left its imprint.
╮(╯▽╰)╭哎！ 翻译这些不容易啊！
Language as a tool for human communication conform to the needs of the community generated, but also the development along with the development of society. It is like all other aspects of social culture, very few self-sufficient. Jespersen said: "There is no kind of language is absolutely pure, and we could not find any one nation does not absorb foreign words." (Quoted Gao Ying, 2001) due to the need for communication, language borrowing between phenomenon is inevitable. English as an international language, their excuse was more widespread. According to the United States, "Reader's Digest" (Reader's Digest, 1990,6) said it has reached two million in English vocabulary, in this two million words, almost half are foreign words. Of English loan words are so broad, foreign words began when, through what channels to use, and is due to what caused a large number of English loan words, foreign words in English, what position, how it evolved come from? In this paper, a series of questions on this discussion, aimed at readers of English words have a more accurate and comprehensive understanding of our language teaching and language learning has been enlightening.
Second, English words of foreign origin
Skeat's "Etymological Dictionary" (Skeat'sEtymologicalDictionary) recorded, native-born accounted for only 22.6% of English vocabulary, directly or indirectly from the French vocabulary of English words accounted for 26.4%, directly from the Latin accounted for 15.8% the rest came from dozens of other languages, mainly Scandinavian, Germanic, Italian, Greek, Hindi, Arabic and so on. Therefore, the English vocabulary is called "universal words" (cosmopolitanvocabulary).
(A) from the French loan words
English is Indo-European (Indo-Europeanlanguagefamily) in the Germanic languages (Germanicstock), French in the Romance languages are Indo-European family (leslanguesromanes). French great influence on English is a long history of the formation.
AD 1066, the French Duke of Normandy, William the Conqueror invaded England, and was crowned as the King of England. Conqueror of Normandy is in France was already well-developed civilization, feudalism had just brought the disintegration of the rural communes, the initial emergence of the English feudal manor. In human history, always represents a higher form of society's culture, language more impact on society is still in a backward form of the nation's culture and language. Therefore, when the British needed to accelerate the process of feudalism, they quite naturally to the French borrowing reflects the superstructure and ideological terms. The impact of French on English is very far-reaching, including culture, language, etiquette and construction. French word borrowed English has undergone four stages.
The first phase began with the Norman conquest, French became the official language of over 300 years, this period, French became the language and the Mediterranean civilization and ancient Greek, Roman culture and re-linked bonds. The Renaissance period, the influx of French words in English to reach the second stage, but the number was far fewer than the first phase. During the restoration of the Stuart dynasty, French, English borrowed the word to reach the third stage. 19th century French into English, the final stage. The four stages of the composition of borrowed words from French are: the first two phases are mainly government and administration, judicial and religious spheres, and other matters close to the ruling class terms, such as: empire, govern, judge, jury, virgin, etc.; Article three phases are mainly military and everyday phrases, such as: soldier, army, navy, embroidery, gown, etc.; The fourth stage will focus on literature, art, diplomacy, eating terms, such as: art, literature, poet, beauty , menu and so on.
Therefore, we can speak French and French culture, penetrate into all aspects of the English language. They not only enrich and expand the number of English vocabulary, but also in English, cultural background has left its imprint.
╮(╯▽╰)╭哎！ 翻译这些不容易啊！
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第1个回答 2010-02-14
I. Introduction
Language as a tool for human communication conform to the needs of the community generated, but also the development along with the development of society. It is like all other aspects of social culture, very few self-sufficient. Jespersen said: "There is no kind of language is absolutely pure, and we could not find any one nation does not absorb foreign words." (Quoted Gao Ying, 2001) due to the need for communication, language borrowing between phenomenon is inevitable. English as an international language, their excuse was more widespread. According to the United States, "Reader's Digest" (Reader's Digest, 1990,6) said it has reached two million in English vocabulary, in this two million words, almost half are foreign words. Of English loan words are so broad, foreign words began when, through what channels to use, and is due to what caused a large number of English loan words, foreign words in English, what position, how it evolved come from? In this paper, a series of questions on this discussion, aimed at readers of English words have a more accurate and comprehensive understanding of our language teaching and language learning has been enlightening.
Second, English words of foreign origin
Skeat's "Etymological Dictionary" (Skeat'sEtymologicalDictionary) recorded, native-born accounted for only 22.6% of English vocabulary, directly or indirectly from the French vocabulary of English words accounted for 26.4%, directly from the Latin accounted for 15.8% the rest came from dozens of other languages, mainly Scandinavian, Germanic, Italian, Greek, Hindi, Arabic and so on. Therefore, the English vocabulary is called "universal words" (cosmopolitanvocabulary).
(A) from the French loan words
English is Indo-European (Indo-Europeanlanguagefamily) in the Germanic languages (Germanicstock), French in the Romance languages are Indo-European family (leslanguesromanes). French great influence on English is a long history of the formation.
AD 1066, the French Duke of Normandy, William the Conqueror invaded England, and was crowned as the King of England. Conqueror of Normandy is in France was already well-developed civilization, feudalism had just brought the disintegration of the rural communes, the initial emergence of the English feudal manor. In human history, always represents a higher form of society's culture, language more impact on society is still in a backward form of the nation's culture and language. Therefore, when the British needed to accelerate the process of feudalism, they quite naturally to the French borrowing reflects the superstructure and ideological terms. The impact of French on English is very far-reaching, including culture, language, etiquette and construction. French word borrowed English has undergone four stages.
The first phase began with the Norman conquest, French became the official language of over 300 years, this period, French became the language and the Mediterranean civilization and ancient Greek, Roman culture and re-linked bonds. The Renaissance period, the influx of French words in English to reach the second stage, but the number was far fewer than the first phase. During the restoration of the Stuart dynasty, French, English borrowed the word to reach the third stage. 19th century French into English, the final stage. The four stages of the composition of borrowed words from French are: the first two phases are mainly government and administration, judicial and religious spheres, and other matters close to the ruling class terms, such as: empire, govern, judge, jury, virgin, etc.; Article three phases are mainly military and everyday phrases, such as: soldier, army, navy, embroidery, gown, etc.; The fourth stage will focus on literature, art, diplomacy, eating terms, such as: art, literature, poet, beauty , menu and so on.
Therefore, we can speak French and French culture, penetrate into all aspects of the English language. They not only enrich and expand the number of English vocabulary, but also in English, cultural background has left its imprint.
Language as a tool for human communication conform to the needs of the community generated, but also the development along with the development of society. It is like all other aspects of social culture, very few self-sufficient. Jespersen said: "There is no kind of language is absolutely pure, and we could not find any one nation does not absorb foreign words." (Quoted Gao Ying, 2001) due to the need for communication, language borrowing between phenomenon is inevitable. English as an international language, their excuse was more widespread. According to the United States, "Reader's Digest" (Reader's Digest, 1990,6) said it has reached two million in English vocabulary, in this two million words, almost half are foreign words. Of English loan words are so broad, foreign words began when, through what channels to use, and is due to what caused a large number of English loan words, foreign words in English, what position, how it evolved come from? In this paper, a series of questions on this discussion, aimed at readers of English words have a more accurate and comprehensive understanding of our language teaching and language learning has been enlightening.
Second, English words of foreign origin
Skeat's "Etymological Dictionary" (Skeat'sEtymologicalDictionary) recorded, native-born accounted for only 22.6% of English vocabulary, directly or indirectly from the French vocabulary of English words accounted for 26.4%, directly from the Latin accounted for 15.8% the rest came from dozens of other languages, mainly Scandinavian, Germanic, Italian, Greek, Hindi, Arabic and so on. Therefore, the English vocabulary is called "universal words" (cosmopolitanvocabulary).
(A) from the French loan words
English is Indo-European (Indo-Europeanlanguagefamily) in the Germanic languages (Germanicstock), French in the Romance languages are Indo-European family (leslanguesromanes). French great influence on English is a long history of the formation.
AD 1066, the French Duke of Normandy, William the Conqueror invaded England, and was crowned as the King of England. Conqueror of Normandy is in France was already well-developed civilization, feudalism had just brought the disintegration of the rural communes, the initial emergence of the English feudal manor. In human history, always represents a higher form of society's culture, language more impact on society is still in a backward form of the nation's culture and language. Therefore, when the British needed to accelerate the process of feudalism, they quite naturally to the French borrowing reflects the superstructure and ideological terms. The impact of French on English is very far-reaching, including culture, language, etiquette and construction. French word borrowed English has undergone four stages.
The first phase began with the Norman conquest, French became the official language of over 300 years, this period, French became the language and the Mediterranean civilization and ancient Greek, Roman culture and re-linked bonds. The Renaissance period, the influx of French words in English to reach the second stage, but the number was far fewer than the first phase. During the restoration of the Stuart dynasty, French, English borrowed the word to reach the third stage. 19th century French into English, the final stage. The four stages of the composition of borrowed words from French are: the first two phases are mainly government and administration, judicial and religious spheres, and other matters close to the ruling class terms, such as: empire, govern, judge, jury, virgin, etc.; Article three phases are mainly military and everyday phrases, such as: soldier, army, navy, embroidery, gown, etc.; The fourth stage will focus on literature, art, diplomacy, eating terms, such as: art, literature, poet, beauty , menu and so on.
Therefore, we can speak French and French culture, penetrate into all aspects of the English language. They not only enrich and expand the number of English vocabulary, but also in English, cultural background has left its imprint.
第2个回答 2010-02-14
I. Introduction
Language as a tool for human communication conform to the needs of the community generated, but also the development along with the development of society. It is like all other aspects of social culture, very few self-sufficient. Jespersen said: "There is no kind of language is absolutely pure, and we could not find any one nation does not absorb foreign words." (Quoted Gao Ying, 2001) due to the need for communication, language borrowing between phenomenon is inevitable. English as an international language, their excuse was more widespread. According to the United States, "Reader's Digest" (Reader's Digest, 1990,6) said it has reached two million in English vocabulary, in this two million words, almost half are foreign words. Of English loan words are so broad, foreign words began when, through what channels to use, and is due to what caused a large number of English loan words, foreign words in English, what position, how it evolved come from? In this paper, a series of questions on this discussion, aimed at readers of English words have a more accurate and comprehensive understanding of our language teaching and language learning has been enlightening.
Second, English words of foreign origin
Skeat's "Etymological Dictionary" (Skeat'sEtymologicalDictionary) recorded, native-born accounted for only 22.6% of English vocabulary, directly or indirectly from the French vocabulary of English words accounted for 26.4%, directly from the Latin accounted for 15.8% the rest came from dozens of other languages, mainly Scandinavian, Germanic, Italian, Greek, Hindi, Arabic and so on. Therefore, the English vocabulary is called "universal words" (cosmopolitanvocabulary).
(A) from the French loan words
English is Indo-European (Indo-Europeanlanguagefamily) in the Germanic languages (Germanicstock), French in the Romance languages are Indo-European family (leslanguesromanes). French great influence on English is a long history of the formation.
AD 1066, the French Duke of Normandy, William the Conqueror invaded England, and was crowned as the King of England. Conqueror of Normandy is in France was already well-developed civilization, feudalism had just brought the disintegration of the rural communes, the initial emergence of the English feudal manor. In human history, always represents a higher form of society's culture, language more impact on society is still in a backward form of the nation's culture and language. Therefore, when the British needed to accelerate the process of feudalism, they quite naturally to the French borrowing reflects the superstructure and ideological terms. The impact of French on English is very far-reaching, including culture, language, etiquette and construction. French word borrowed English has undergone four stages.
The first phase began with the Norman conquest, French became the official language of over 300 years, this period, French became the language and the Mediterranean civilization and ancient Greek, Roman culture and re-linked bonds. The Renaissance period, the influx of French words in English to reach the second stage, but the number was far fewer than the first phase. In the Stuart King
Language as a tool for human communication conform to the needs of the community generated, but also the development along with the development of society. It is like all other aspects of social culture, very few self-sufficient. Jespersen said: "There is no kind of language is absolutely pure, and we could not find any one nation does not absorb foreign words." (Quoted Gao Ying, 2001) due to the need for communication, language borrowing between phenomenon is inevitable. English as an international language, their excuse was more widespread. According to the United States, "Reader's Digest" (Reader's Digest, 1990,6) said it has reached two million in English vocabulary, in this two million words, almost half are foreign words. Of English loan words are so broad, foreign words began when, through what channels to use, and is due to what caused a large number of English loan words, foreign words in English, what position, how it evolved come from? In this paper, a series of questions on this discussion, aimed at readers of English words have a more accurate and comprehensive understanding of our language teaching and language learning has been enlightening.
Second, English words of foreign origin
Skeat's "Etymological Dictionary" (Skeat'sEtymologicalDictionary) recorded, native-born accounted for only 22.6% of English vocabulary, directly or indirectly from the French vocabulary of English words accounted for 26.4%, directly from the Latin accounted for 15.8% the rest came from dozens of other languages, mainly Scandinavian, Germanic, Italian, Greek, Hindi, Arabic and so on. Therefore, the English vocabulary is called "universal words" (cosmopolitanvocabulary).
(A) from the French loan words
English is Indo-European (Indo-Europeanlanguagefamily) in the Germanic languages (Germanicstock), French in the Romance languages are Indo-European family (leslanguesromanes). French great influence on English is a long history of the formation.
AD 1066, the French Duke of Normandy, William the Conqueror invaded England, and was crowned as the King of England. Conqueror of Normandy is in France was already well-developed civilization, feudalism had just brought the disintegration of the rural communes, the initial emergence of the English feudal manor. In human history, always represents a higher form of society's culture, language more impact on society is still in a backward form of the nation's culture and language. Therefore, when the British needed to accelerate the process of feudalism, they quite naturally to the French borrowing reflects the superstructure and ideological terms. The impact of French on English is very far-reaching, including culture, language, etiquette and construction. French word borrowed English has undergone four stages.
The first phase began with the Norman conquest, French became the official language of over 300 years, this period, French became the language and the Mediterranean civilization and ancient Greek, Roman culture and re-linked bonds. The Renaissance period, the influx of French words in English to reach the second stage, but the number was far fewer than the first phase. In the Stuart King
第3个回答 2010-02-20
你可以去翻译公司弄， 质量肯定有保证，不知道是不是有做广告嫌疑，呵呵，我用过一个叫随你译的，人家给我翻译的论文，导师一次就给我过了，哈哈，心里美啊
第4个回答 2010-02-20
还是去翻译公司翻吧，既省时有省力，花不了多少钱
