如题所述
知识梳理1】一般现在时
1. 表示普遍真理或客观事实。
Light travels faster than sound.
2. 表示现在的习惯动作或状态。
She is always ready to help others.
3. 表示将来时间（用于某些条件状语从句和时间状语从句中）。
We will save time if we drive instead of taking a bus.
I will make a phone call to you as soon as I reach the destination.
4. 一般现在时的动词形式通常与动词原形相同，但在主语为第三人称单数时，词尾加-s或 -es，其规则如下：
1)一般动词都在词尾加-s，如:digs, sings, looks, lives, cleans 等。
2 )当动词以s，sh, ch, x，o 结尾时，加-es，如：presses，washes, watches, fixes, goes 等。
3)当动词以辅音字母+y结尾时，先将y成变i，再加-es,如:flies, cries, studies等。
4)如动词以元音字母+y结尾时，直接加-s,如:says, buys, plays等。
5)动词be的一般现在时，依据不同人称和数分别釆用am, is,are三种形式。
动词have的一般现在时，依据不同人称和数分别釆用have, has两种形式。
6)一般现在时常用的时间状语：often, always, usually, sometimes, every day, once a week 等。
【知识梳理2】—般过去时
1. 表示过去某时发生的事情。
The traffic accident happened ten minutes ago.
2. 表示过去的习惯动作。
When he was young, my father often swam in the river.
3. —般过去时的动词形式除不规则动词外，通常以动词原形加-ed表示，即动词的过去式;动词be的过去式为was, were。动词过去式的规则如下：
1)一般动词都在词尾加-ed，如：played，listened, turned, fixed, looked 等。
2)当动词以e 结尾时，只加-d，如：liked，danced, agreed, skated 等。
3)当动词以辅音字母+y结尾时，先将y成变i，再加-ed，如：cried,studied, carried等。
4)当动词为重读闭音节或以重读闭音节结尾时，要重复词尾的辅音字母，再加-ed，如： stopped, preferred, regretted 等。
5)一般过去时常用的时间状语有：yesterday，last year, three days ago, just now, in 1978 等。
【巩固练习】
1. The bank robbery (happen) last night.
2. Water (boil) at the temperature of 100°C .
3. This kind of TV (make) in Shanghai.
4. In the past, there (be) only single-decker buses.
5. Matter (change) from one state to another.
6. The electric light (invent) by Edison.
7. (raise) your hand if you (know) the answer.
8. Tom ________ (drop) the vase(花瓶）and (break) it a moment ago.
9. Yesterday he (not realize) what a serious mistake he_________ (make).
10. The First World War (take) place in 1914. Old John (fight) in it.
Keys: 1. happened 2.boils 3. is made 4. were 5. changes 6. was invented 7. Raise, how
8. dropped, broke9. didn’t realize, had made 10. took, fought
【知识梳理3】现在进行时
1. 表示说话时正在进行的动作。
—What are you doing now?
—We are having a test.
2. 表示现阶段暂时的习惯动作，该动作说话时不一定正在进行。
Mr. Brown is a teacher of maths, but he is now teaching computer lessons.
3. 表示不断重复的动作，常带always等频度副词，而且带有感情色彩。
Alice is always helping others.
4. 表示渐进的过程，通常适用于表示“转变”的动词。
When autumn comes, the weather is getting cooler and cooler.
5. 表示即将发生的事情，通常适用于暂短性动词。
Pm going to Paris for my holidays next week.
6. 现在进行时的动词形式通常以助动词be(am, is, are)及动词原形加-ing，即动词的现在分词表示，其规则如下：
1) 一般动词都在词尾加-ing，如：working，planting, carrying, discussing 等。
2) 当动词以-e结尾时，先去掉-e，再加-ing，如：shining, leaving, skating, writing。
以-oe，-ee，-ye 结尾的动词，直接加-ing，如：hoeing，dyeing，agreeing 等.
还有特殊变化的，如:die+ing—dying lie+ing—lying
3) 当动词为重读闭音节或以重读闭音节结尾时，要重复词尾的辅音字母，再加-ing,如： running, stopping, swimming, beginning 等.
7. 现在进行时常用的时间状语有:now, nowadays, at the moment, these days等。
【知识梳理4】过去进行时
1. 表示过去某时正在进行的动作。
We were taking a walk when we met our maths teacher.
2. 表示过去某个阶段暂时性习惯动作。
He is a driver, but at that time he was working in a factory.
3. 表示过去不断重复的动作。
Mrs. Green was always complaining about something.
4. 过去进行时的动词形式通常以助动词be (was，were)加动词的现在分词-ing形式表示， 其构成规则与现在进行时相同。
5. 过去进行时常用的时间状语有：this time yesterday, at that time, at the moment 等。
【巩固练习】
1. Don’t make any noise. The teachers (have) a meeting.
2. Betty (make) a telephone call to her pen pal at that time yesterday.
3. I (not do) anything at the moment.
4. He told me that my mother (wait) for me outside.
5. Spring is here. It (get) warmer and warmer.
6. What you (do) when I called you yesterday evening?
7. All those wastes (pollute) the river these years.
8. My mother (cook) in the kitchen when my father returned home.
9. I (see) him when I (walk) in the park.
10. It (rain) at the moment, so we (stay) indoors yesterday afternoon.
Keys: 1. are having 2. was making 3. am not doing4. was waiting5.is getting6. were, doing
7. are polluting8.was cooking 9. saw, was walking 10. was raining, stayed
【知识梳理5】现在完成时
一、现在完成时含义
现在完成时用来表示现在之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，但影响却一直持续，也就是说, 动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在。
e.g. I have lost my wallet. (含义是：现在我没有钱花了。)
Jane has laid the table.(含义是：已可以吃饭了。)
Michael has been ill. (含义是：现在仍然很虚弱。)
He has returned from abroad. (含义是：现在已在此地)
二、现在完成时结构：助动词have /has+动词过去分词。
三、现在完成时用法
1、现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的、持续到现在的情况,常与for, since连用。
e.g. Mary has been ill for three days.
I have lived here since 1998.
2、现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用, 如already, yet, just, before, recently, lately等：
e.g. He has already obtained a scholarship.
I haven’t seen much of him recently/lately.
We have seen that film before.
Have they found the missing child yet?
3、现在完成时常常与表示频度的时间状语连用，如often, sometimes, ever, never, twice, on several occasions等：
e.g. Have you ever been to Beijing?
I have never heard Bunny say anything against her.
I have used this pen only three times. It is still good.
George has met that gentleman on several occasions.
4、现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用，如now, up to these few days/weeks/months/years, this morning/week/month/year, now, just, today, up to present, so far等。
e.g. Peter has written six papers so far.
Man has now learned to release energy from the nucleus of the atom.
There has been too much rain this year.
The relations between us have been enhanced in the past few years.
Up to the present everything has been successful.
5、现在完成时表示现在之前就已完成的动作, 虽然其效果或影响仍然存在但已不再继续, 但是有一些现在完成时的句子，在后面加上for+一段时间，则现在完成时的动作就表示延续性。
E.g. Thomas has studied Russian. (现在不再学俄语)
Thomas has studied Russian for three years.
(=Thomas began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.)
★考点;have/has gone to、have/has been to 和have/has been in的区别:
have/ has gone to 去了某地 have/ has been to 去过某地
have/ has been in 已经在…, 常与一段时间连用
e.g. She has been to Shanghai twice. 她曾去过上海两次。
She has been in Shanghai for ten years. 她在上海10年了。
Has he gone to Qingdao? 他去青岛了吗？
1. 表示普遍真理或客观事实。
Light travels faster than sound.
2. 表示现在的习惯动作或状态。
She is always ready to help others.
3. 表示将来时间（用于某些条件状语从句和时间状语从句中）。
We will save time if we drive instead of taking a bus.
I will make a phone call to you as soon as I reach the destination.
4. 一般现在时的动词形式通常与动词原形相同，但在主语为第三人称单数时，词尾加-s或 -es，其规则如下：
1)一般动词都在词尾加-s，如:digs, sings, looks, lives, cleans 等。
2 )当动词以s，sh, ch, x，o 结尾时，加-es，如：presses，washes, watches, fixes, goes 等。
3)当动词以辅音字母+y结尾时，先将y成变i，再加-es,如:flies, cries, studies等。
4)如动词以元音字母+y结尾时，直接加-s,如:says, buys, plays等。
5)动词be的一般现在时，依据不同人称和数分别釆用am, is,are三种形式。
动词have的一般现在时，依据不同人称和数分别釆用have, has两种形式。
6)一般现在时常用的时间状语：often, always, usually, sometimes, every day, once a week 等。
【知识梳理2】—般过去时
1. 表示过去某时发生的事情。
The traffic accident happened ten minutes ago.
2. 表示过去的习惯动作。
When he was young, my father often swam in the river.
3. —般过去时的动词形式除不规则动词外，通常以动词原形加-ed表示，即动词的过去式;动词be的过去式为was, were。动词过去式的规则如下：
1)一般动词都在词尾加-ed，如：played，listened, turned, fixed, looked 等。
2)当动词以e 结尾时，只加-d，如：liked，danced, agreed, skated 等。
3)当动词以辅音字母+y结尾时，先将y成变i，再加-ed，如：cried,studied, carried等。
4)当动词为重读闭音节或以重读闭音节结尾时，要重复词尾的辅音字母，再加-ed，如： stopped, preferred, regretted 等。
5)一般过去时常用的时间状语有：yesterday，last year, three days ago, just now, in 1978 等。
【巩固练习】
1. The bank robbery (happen) last night.
2. Water (boil) at the temperature of 100°C .
3. This kind of TV (make) in Shanghai.
4. In the past, there (be) only single-decker buses.
5. Matter (change) from one state to another.
6. The electric light (invent) by Edison.
7. (raise) your hand if you (know) the answer.
8. Tom ________ (drop) the vase(花瓶）and (break) it a moment ago.
9. Yesterday he (not realize) what a serious mistake he_________ (make).
10. The First World War (take) place in 1914. Old John (fight) in it.
Keys: 1. happened 2.boils 3. is made 4. were 5. changes 6. was invented 7. Raise, how
8. dropped, broke9. didn’t realize, had made 10. took, fought
【知识梳理3】现在进行时
1. 表示说话时正在进行的动作。
—What are you doing now?
—We are having a test.
2. 表示现阶段暂时的习惯动作，该动作说话时不一定正在进行。
Mr. Brown is a teacher of maths, but he is now teaching computer lessons.
3. 表示不断重复的动作，常带always等频度副词，而且带有感情色彩。
Alice is always helping others.
4. 表示渐进的过程，通常适用于表示“转变”的动词。
When autumn comes, the weather is getting cooler and cooler.
5. 表示即将发生的事情，通常适用于暂短性动词。
Pm going to Paris for my holidays next week.
6. 现在进行时的动词形式通常以助动词be(am, is, are)及动词原形加-ing，即动词的现在分词表示，其规则如下：
1) 一般动词都在词尾加-ing，如：working，planting, carrying, discussing 等。
2) 当动词以-e结尾时，先去掉-e，再加-ing，如：shining, leaving, skating, writing。
以-oe，-ee，-ye 结尾的动词，直接加-ing，如：hoeing，dyeing，agreeing 等.
还有特殊变化的，如:die+ing—dying lie+ing—lying
3) 当动词为重读闭音节或以重读闭音节结尾时，要重复词尾的辅音字母，再加-ing,如： running, stopping, swimming, beginning 等.
7. 现在进行时常用的时间状语有:now, nowadays, at the moment, these days等。
【知识梳理4】过去进行时
1. 表示过去某时正在进行的动作。
We were taking a walk when we met our maths teacher.
2. 表示过去某个阶段暂时性习惯动作。
He is a driver, but at that time he was working in a factory.
3. 表示过去不断重复的动作。
Mrs. Green was always complaining about something.
4. 过去进行时的动词形式通常以助动词be (was，were)加动词的现在分词-ing形式表示， 其构成规则与现在进行时相同。
5. 过去进行时常用的时间状语有：this time yesterday, at that time, at the moment 等。
【巩固练习】
1. Don’t make any noise. The teachers (have) a meeting.
2. Betty (make) a telephone call to her pen pal at that time yesterday.
3. I (not do) anything at the moment.
4. He told me that my mother (wait) for me outside.
5. Spring is here. It (get) warmer and warmer.
6. What you (do) when I called you yesterday evening?
7. All those wastes (pollute) the river these years.
8. My mother (cook) in the kitchen when my father returned home.
9. I (see) him when I (walk) in the park.
10. It (rain) at the moment, so we (stay) indoors yesterday afternoon.
Keys: 1. are having 2. was making 3. am not doing4. was waiting5.is getting6. were, doing
7. are polluting8.was cooking 9. saw, was walking 10. was raining, stayed
【知识梳理5】现在完成时
一、现在完成时含义
现在完成时用来表示现在之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，但影响却一直持续，也就是说, 动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在。
e.g. I have lost my wallet. (含义是：现在我没有钱花了。)
Jane has laid the table.(含义是：已可以吃饭了。)
Michael has been ill. (含义是：现在仍然很虚弱。)
He has returned from abroad. (含义是：现在已在此地)
二、现在完成时结构：助动词have /has+动词过去分词。
三、现在完成时用法
1、现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的、持续到现在的情况,常与for, since连用。
e.g. Mary has been ill for three days.
I have lived here since 1998.
2、现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用, 如already, yet, just, before, recently, lately等：
e.g. He has already obtained a scholarship.
I haven’t seen much of him recently/lately.
We have seen that film before.
Have they found the missing child yet?
3、现在完成时常常与表示频度的时间状语连用，如often, sometimes, ever, never, twice, on several occasions等：
e.g. Have you ever been to Beijing?
I have never heard Bunny say anything against her.
I have used this pen only three times. It is still good.
George has met that gentleman on several occasions.
4、现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用，如now, up to these few days/weeks/months/years, this morning/week/month/year, now, just, today, up to present, so far等。
e.g. Peter has written six papers so far.
Man has now learned to release energy from the nucleus of the atom.
There has been too much rain this year.
The relations between us have been enhanced in the past few years.
Up to the present everything has been successful.
5、现在完成时表示现在之前就已完成的动作, 虽然其效果或影响仍然存在但已不再继续, 但是有一些现在完成时的句子，在后面加上for+一段时间，则现在完成时的动作就表示延续性。
E.g. Thomas has studied Russian. (现在不再学俄语)
Thomas has studied Russian for three years.
(=Thomas began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.)
★考点;have/has gone to、have/has been to 和have/has been in的区别:
have/ has gone to 去了某地 have/ has been to 去过某地
have/ has been in 已经在…, 常与一段时间连用
e.g. She has been to Shanghai twice. 她曾去过上海两次。
She has been in Shanghai for ten years. 她在上海10年了。
Has he gone to Qingdao? 他去青岛了吗？
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