最好是中英文都有的,以英文为主,全面的介绍紫禁城,从历史到现在最好都有,最好还包含一些有关紫禁城传说和小故事,全文都要英文版的,因为我们上英语课要用!麻烦高手快快指点啊~!!!!!!!!!
“紫禁城”这个名字就和中国古代哲学和天文学有关。中国人认为“天人感应”和“天人合一”。因此故宫的结构是模仿传说中的“天宫”构造的。古代天文学把恒星分为三垣，周围环绕着28宿，其中紫微垣（北极星）正处中天，是所有星宿的中心。紫禁城之紫，就是“紫微正中”之紫，意为皇宫也是人间的 “正中”。“禁”则指皇室所居，尊严无比，严禁侵扰。
公元1406年，明代永乐帝开始修建故宫。《明史》上说，修建这座世所罕见的巨大皇宫役使了10万最优秀的工匠和100万普通劳工,历时15年才最后完成。此后的明清皇帝又多次重建和扩建,但整体面貌并无多少改动。
故宫里一共居住过24位皇帝，第一位是明永乐皇帝朱棣，最后一位皇帝是清宣统皇帝溥仪。
太和殿、中和殿、保和殿三殿均建筑在8米 宽的巨大平台上，总面积约85000平方米。其中的太和殿最为高大、辉煌，它宽60.1米，深33.33米，高35.05米。皇帝登基、大婚、册封、命将出征等都要在这里举行盛大仪式,其时数千人山呼“万岁”,数百种礼器钟鼓齐鸣,极尽人间气派。太和殿后的中和殿是皇帝出席重大典礼前休息和接受朝拜的地方,最北面的保和殿则是皇帝赐宴和殿试的场所。
内廷包括乾清、交泰、坤宁三宫以及东西两侧的东六宫和西六宫，这是皇帝及其嫔妃居住的地方，一般称为 三宫六院”。在居住区以北还有一个小巧别致的御花园,是皇室人员游玩之所。明朝和清初的皇帝均住在乾清宫，皇后住坤宁宫，交泰殿则是皇后的活动场所。清朝中后期，皇帝和皇后都搬至西六宫等地去了，最著名的是养心殿，从雍正皇帝起，这里就成为帝王理政和寝居之所，慈禧太后也在此垂帘听政，时间长达40余年。
故宫房屋有9999间，每个门上的铜门钉也是横竖9颗。这种奇特的数字现 象和古代中国人对数字的认识有关。古代人认为“9”字是数字中最大的,皇帝是人间最大的,所以必须用对应的“9”。“9”的谐音为“久”，意为“永久”，所以又寓意为江山天长地久，永不变色。
故宫内的文华殿,收藏了明清两朝500余年的中央机关和地方机关档案,共74个卷宗，1000余万件，这是中国数量最大、价值最高的历史资料。文渊阁里则藏有完整的《四库全书》，囊括了中国古代最重要的学术著作，共有3503种，6304册。
紫禁城内现有10余个藏馆，包括历代艺术馆、工艺美术馆、绘画馆、清宫玩具馆、青铜器馆、陶瓷馆、钟表馆、珍宝馆、铭刻馆和明清家俱馆，共有珍贵藏品约100万件，其中一部分是孤品，惟在故宫方能看到。
传说，当初刘伯温修建北京城皇宫的时候，皇上和他的儿子燕王打算把宫殿修盖得间量多点儿、大点儿，总觉得皇上住的地方应当特别华贵，不然就显不出天子的尊严。这天，皇上正要传旨宣刘伯温，就在这个节骨眼儿上，刘伯温来了。 刘伯温一见皇上就说：“启奏万岁，臣昨天夜里做了一个梦，梦见玉皇大帝把臣召到凌霄殿上对臣说：‘你朝皇帝要修盖皇宫，你告诉他！天宫宝殿是一千间，凡间宫殿万不可超过天宫。你还要告诉他，要请三十六金刚、七十二地煞去保护凡间皇城，才能够风调雨顺国泰民安，你要牢牢记住’。玉皇大帝说完这些话，就扑过来一阵白茫茫的香雾，一下就把臣吓醒啦！” 皇上听了觉着很怪，想了想，就下旨叫刘伯温去监造不到一千间，可还得跟天宫差不多间量的皇宫，并去请金刚、地煞来保护皇官。刘伯温领旨就办去了，这事儿一下子就在北京城传开了，老百姓都等着要看刘伯温怎样修盖皇宫，怎样去请三十六金刚、七十二地煞这些神仙来保护皇宫 过了些日子，刘伯温就把事儿全都办好了。皇上一看那宫殿盖得甭提有多华贵了，间量还真是不到一千间也差不多，再看宫院里金光闪闪，好像有神仙镇守。皇上愈看愈高兴，当时传旨，给刘怕温加封晋爵，还赏赐了很多珠宝。外邦听说刘伯温请了天神三十六金刚、七十二地煞保护皇城，也就不敢兴兵作乱了。 后来人们才知道，原来故宫里的宫殿是九百九十九间半；天神三十六金刚就是宫殿门口摆着的三十六口包金大缸；七十二地煞就是故宫里的七十二条地沟。
故宫角楼的传说
故宫的四个城角，每一个角上有一座九梁十八柱七十二条脊的角楼，建造的可好看了。这四座角搂是怎么盖的呢？北京有这么个传说——
明朝的燕王朱隶在南京做了永乐皇帝以后，因为北京是他做王爷时候的老地方，就想迁都北京，于是就派了亲信大臣到北京盖皇官。朱隶告诉这个大臣：要在皇宫外墙——紫禁城的四个犄角上，盖四座样子特别美丽的角楼，每座角楼要有九梁十八柱、七十二条脊。并且说：“你就做这个管工大臣吧，如果修盖的不好是要杀头的！”管工大臣领了皇帝的谕旨后，心里非常发愁，不知如何盖这九梁十八柱、七十二条脊的角楼。
管工大臣到了北京以后，就把八十一家大包工木厂的工头、木匠们都叫来，跟他们说了皇帝的旨意，限期三个月，叫他们一定要按期盖成这四座怪样子的角楼，并且说：“如果盖不成，皇帝自然要杀我的头，可是在没杀我的头之前，我就先把你们的头砍了，所以当心你们的脑袋。”工头和木匠们对这样的工程都没把握，只好常常在一块琢磨法子。
三个月的期限是很短的，一转眼就是一个月了，工头和木匠们还没想出一点头绪、一点办法来，他们做了许多样型，都不合适。这时候，正赶上六七月的三伏天气，热得人都喘不上气来，加上心里烦闷，工头和木匠们真是坐也不合适，躺也不合适。有这么一位木匠师傅，实在呆不住了，就上大街闲遛去了。
走着走着，听见老远传来一片蝈蝈的吵叫声，接着、又听见一声吆喝：“买蝈蝈，听叫去，睡不着，解闷儿去！”走近一看，是一个老头儿挑着许多大大小小秫秸编的蝈蝈笼子，在沿街叫卖。其中有一个细秫秸棍插的蝈蝈笼子，精巧得跟画里的一座楼阁一样，里头装着几只蝈蝈，木匠师傅想：反正是烦心的事，该死的活不了，买个好看的笼子，看着也有趣儿，于是就买下了。
这个木匠提着蝈蝈笼子，回到了工地。大伙儿一看就吵嚷起来了：“人们都心里怪烦的，你怎么买一笼子蝈蝈来，成心吵人是怎么着？”木匠笑着说：“大家睡不着解个闷儿吧，你们瞧……”他原想说你们瞧这个笼子多么好看呀！可是他还没说出嘴来，就觉得这笼子有点特别。他急忙摆着手说：“你们先别吵吵嚷嚷的，让我数数再说。“他把蝈蝈笼子的梁啊、柱啊、脊呀细细地数了一遍又一遍，大伙被他这一数，也吸引得留了神，静静地直着眼睛看着，一点声音也没有。
木匠数完了蝈蝈笼子，蹦起来一拍大腿说：“这不正是九梁十八柱七十二条脊么？”大伙一听都高兴了，这个接过笼子数数，那个也接过笼子数数，都说：“真是九梁十八柱、七十二条脊的楼阁啊，”
大伙儿受这个笼子的启发，琢磨出了紫禁城角楼的样子，烫出纸浆做出样型，最后修成了到现在还存在的角搂
公元1406年，明代永乐帝开始修建故宫。《明史》上说，修建这座世所罕见的巨大皇宫役使了10万最优秀的工匠和100万普通劳工,历时15年才最后完成。此后的明清皇帝又多次重建和扩建,但整体面貌并无多少改动。
故宫里一共居住过24位皇帝，第一位是明永乐皇帝朱棣，最后一位皇帝是清宣统皇帝溥仪。
太和殿、中和殿、保和殿三殿均建筑在8米 宽的巨大平台上，总面积约85000平方米。其中的太和殿最为高大、辉煌，它宽60.1米，深33.33米，高35.05米。皇帝登基、大婚、册封、命将出征等都要在这里举行盛大仪式,其时数千人山呼“万岁”,数百种礼器钟鼓齐鸣,极尽人间气派。太和殿后的中和殿是皇帝出席重大典礼前休息和接受朝拜的地方,最北面的保和殿则是皇帝赐宴和殿试的场所。
内廷包括乾清、交泰、坤宁三宫以及东西两侧的东六宫和西六宫，这是皇帝及其嫔妃居住的地方，一般称为 三宫六院”。在居住区以北还有一个小巧别致的御花园,是皇室人员游玩之所。明朝和清初的皇帝均住在乾清宫，皇后住坤宁宫，交泰殿则是皇后的活动场所。清朝中后期，皇帝和皇后都搬至西六宫等地去了，最著名的是养心殿，从雍正皇帝起，这里就成为帝王理政和寝居之所，慈禧太后也在此垂帘听政，时间长达40余年。
故宫房屋有9999间，每个门上的铜门钉也是横竖9颗。这种奇特的数字现 象和古代中国人对数字的认识有关。古代人认为“9”字是数字中最大的,皇帝是人间最大的,所以必须用对应的“9”。“9”的谐音为“久”，意为“永久”，所以又寓意为江山天长地久，永不变色。
故宫内的文华殿,收藏了明清两朝500余年的中央机关和地方机关档案,共74个卷宗，1000余万件，这是中国数量最大、价值最高的历史资料。文渊阁里则藏有完整的《四库全书》，囊括了中国古代最重要的学术著作，共有3503种，6304册。
紫禁城内现有10余个藏馆，包括历代艺术馆、工艺美术馆、绘画馆、清宫玩具馆、青铜器馆、陶瓷馆、钟表馆、珍宝馆、铭刻馆和明清家俱馆，共有珍贵藏品约100万件，其中一部分是孤品，惟在故宫方能看到。
传说，当初刘伯温修建北京城皇宫的时候，皇上和他的儿子燕王打算把宫殿修盖得间量多点儿、大点儿，总觉得皇上住的地方应当特别华贵，不然就显不出天子的尊严。这天，皇上正要传旨宣刘伯温，就在这个节骨眼儿上，刘伯温来了。 刘伯温一见皇上就说：“启奏万岁，臣昨天夜里做了一个梦，梦见玉皇大帝把臣召到凌霄殿上对臣说：‘你朝皇帝要修盖皇宫，你告诉他！天宫宝殿是一千间，凡间宫殿万不可超过天宫。你还要告诉他，要请三十六金刚、七十二地煞去保护凡间皇城，才能够风调雨顺国泰民安，你要牢牢记住’。玉皇大帝说完这些话，就扑过来一阵白茫茫的香雾，一下就把臣吓醒啦！” 皇上听了觉着很怪，想了想，就下旨叫刘伯温去监造不到一千间，可还得跟天宫差不多间量的皇宫，并去请金刚、地煞来保护皇官。刘伯温领旨就办去了，这事儿一下子就在北京城传开了，老百姓都等着要看刘伯温怎样修盖皇宫，怎样去请三十六金刚、七十二地煞这些神仙来保护皇宫 过了些日子，刘伯温就把事儿全都办好了。皇上一看那宫殿盖得甭提有多华贵了，间量还真是不到一千间也差不多，再看宫院里金光闪闪，好像有神仙镇守。皇上愈看愈高兴，当时传旨，给刘怕温加封晋爵，还赏赐了很多珠宝。外邦听说刘伯温请了天神三十六金刚、七十二地煞保护皇城，也就不敢兴兵作乱了。 后来人们才知道，原来故宫里的宫殿是九百九十九间半；天神三十六金刚就是宫殿门口摆着的三十六口包金大缸；七十二地煞就是故宫里的七十二条地沟。
故宫角楼的传说
故宫的四个城角，每一个角上有一座九梁十八柱七十二条脊的角楼，建造的可好看了。这四座角搂是怎么盖的呢？北京有这么个传说——
明朝的燕王朱隶在南京做了永乐皇帝以后，因为北京是他做王爷时候的老地方，就想迁都北京，于是就派了亲信大臣到北京盖皇官。朱隶告诉这个大臣：要在皇宫外墙——紫禁城的四个犄角上，盖四座样子特别美丽的角楼，每座角楼要有九梁十八柱、七十二条脊。并且说：“你就做这个管工大臣吧，如果修盖的不好是要杀头的！”管工大臣领了皇帝的谕旨后，心里非常发愁，不知如何盖这九梁十八柱、七十二条脊的角楼。
管工大臣到了北京以后，就把八十一家大包工木厂的工头、木匠们都叫来，跟他们说了皇帝的旨意，限期三个月，叫他们一定要按期盖成这四座怪样子的角楼，并且说：“如果盖不成，皇帝自然要杀我的头，可是在没杀我的头之前，我就先把你们的头砍了，所以当心你们的脑袋。”工头和木匠们对这样的工程都没把握，只好常常在一块琢磨法子。
三个月的期限是很短的，一转眼就是一个月了，工头和木匠们还没想出一点头绪、一点办法来，他们做了许多样型，都不合适。这时候，正赶上六七月的三伏天气，热得人都喘不上气来，加上心里烦闷，工头和木匠们真是坐也不合适，躺也不合适。有这么一位木匠师傅，实在呆不住了，就上大街闲遛去了。
走着走着，听见老远传来一片蝈蝈的吵叫声，接着、又听见一声吆喝：“买蝈蝈，听叫去，睡不着，解闷儿去！”走近一看，是一个老头儿挑着许多大大小小秫秸编的蝈蝈笼子，在沿街叫卖。其中有一个细秫秸棍插的蝈蝈笼子，精巧得跟画里的一座楼阁一样，里头装着几只蝈蝈，木匠师傅想：反正是烦心的事，该死的活不了，买个好看的笼子，看着也有趣儿，于是就买下了。
这个木匠提着蝈蝈笼子，回到了工地。大伙儿一看就吵嚷起来了：“人们都心里怪烦的，你怎么买一笼子蝈蝈来，成心吵人是怎么着？”木匠笑着说：“大家睡不着解个闷儿吧，你们瞧……”他原想说你们瞧这个笼子多么好看呀！可是他还没说出嘴来，就觉得这笼子有点特别。他急忙摆着手说：“你们先别吵吵嚷嚷的，让我数数再说。“他把蝈蝈笼子的梁啊、柱啊、脊呀细细地数了一遍又一遍，大伙被他这一数，也吸引得留了神，静静地直着眼睛看着，一点声音也没有。
木匠数完了蝈蝈笼子，蹦起来一拍大腿说：“这不正是九梁十八柱七十二条脊么？”大伙一听都高兴了，这个接过笼子数数，那个也接过笼子数数，都说：“真是九梁十八柱、七十二条脊的楼阁啊，”
大伙儿受这个笼子的启发，琢磨出了紫禁城角楼的样子，烫出纸浆做出样型，最后修成了到现在还存在的角搂
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第1个回答 2009-05-15
For other uses, see Forbidden City (disambiguation).
"Gugong" redirects here. For other uses, see Gugong (disambiguation).
Coordinates: [show location on an interactive map] 39°54′53〃N 116°23′26〃E/39.91472°N 116.39056°E/39.91472; 116.39056
Imperial Palaces of the Ming and Qing Dynasties in Beijing and Shenyang*
UNESCO World Heritage Site
The Hall of Supreme Harmony (太和殿) at the centre of the Forbidden City
State Party China
Type Cultural
Criteria i, ii, iii, iv
Reference 439
Region** Asia-Pacific
Inscription history
Inscription 1987 (11th Session)
Extensions 2004
* Name as inscribed on World Heritage List.
** Region as classified by UNESCO.
This article contains Chinese text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters.
The Forbidden City was the Chinese imperial palace from the Ming Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty. It is located in the middle of Beijing, China, and now houses the Palace Museum. For almost five centuries, it served as the home of the Emperor and his household, as well as the ceremonial and political centre of Chinese government.
Built from 1406 to 1420, the complex consists of 980 surviving buildings with 8,707 bays of rooms[1] and covers 720,000 square metres (7,800,000 square feet). The palace complex exemplifies traditional Chinese palatial architecture,[2] and has influenced cultural and architectural developments in East Asia and elsewhere. The Forbidden City was declared a World Heritage Site in 1987,[2] and is listed by UNESCO as the largest collection of preserved ancient wooden structures in the world.
Since 1925, the Forbidden City has been under the charge of the Palace Museum, whose extensive collection of artwork and artifacts were built upon the imperial collections of the Ming and Qing dynasties. Part of the museum's former collection is now located in the National Palace Museum in Taipei. Both museums descend from the same institution, but were split after the Chinese Civil War.
Name
The Gate of Divine Might, the northern gate. The lower tablet reads "The Palace Museum" (故宫博物院)
The common English name, "the Forbidden City," is a translation of the Chinese name Zijin Cheng (Chinese: 紫禁城; pinyin: Zǐjinchéng; literally "Purple Forbidden City"). Another English name of similar origin is "Forbidden Palace".[3]
The name "Zijin Cheng" is a name with significance on many levels. Zi, or "Purple", refers to the North Star, which in ancient China was called the Ziwei Star, and in traditional Chinese astrology was the abode of the Celestial Emperor. The surrounding celestial region, the Ziwei Enclosure (Chinese: 紫微垣; pinyin: Zǐwēiyuán), was the realm of the Celestial Emperor and his family. The Forbidden City, as the residence of the terrestrial emperor, was its earthly counterpart. Jin, or "Forbidden", referred to the fact that no-one could enter or leave the palace without the emperor's permission. Cheng means a walled city.[4]
Today, the site is most commonly known in Chinese as Gùgōng (故宫), which means the "Former Palace."[5] The museum which is based in these buildings is known as the "Palace Museum" (Chinese: 故宫博物院; pinyin: Gùgōng Bówùyùan).
[edit] History
Main article: History of the Forbidden City
The Forbidden City as depicted in a traditional Ming Dynasty painting
The site of the Forbidden City was situated on the Imperial city during the Mongol Yuan Dynasty. Upon the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, the Hongwu Emperor moved the capital from Beijing in the north to Nanjing in the south, and ordered that the Yuan palaces be razed. When his son Zhu Di became the Yongle Emperor, he moved the capital back to Beijing, and construction began in 1406 of what would become the Forbidden City.[4]
Construction lasted 15 years, and required more than a million workers.[6] Material used include whole logs of precious Phoebe zhennan wood (Chinese: 楠木; pinyin: nánmù) found in the jungles of south-western China, and large blocks of marble from quarries near Beijing.[7] The floors of major halls were paved with "golden bricks" (Chinese: 金砖; pinyin: jīnzhuān), specially baked paving bricks from Suzhou.[6]
From 1420 to 1644, the Forbidden City was the seat of the Ming Dynasty. In April 1644, it was captured by rebel forces led by Li Zicheng, who proclaimed himself emperor of the Shun Dynasty.[8] He soon fled before the combined armies of former Ming general Wu Sangui and Manchu forces, setting fire to parts of the Forbidden City in the process.[9] By October, the Manchus had achieved supremacy in northern China, and a ceremony was held at the Forbidden City to proclaim the young Shunzhi Emperor as ruler of all China under the Qing Dynasty.[10] The Qing rulers changed the names of the principal buildings, to emphasise "Harmony" rather than "Supremacy",[11] made the name plates bilingual (Chinese and Manchu),[12] and introduced Shamanist elements to the palace.[13]
In 1860, during the Second Opium War, Anglo-French forces took control of the Forbidden City and occupied it until the end of the war.[14] In 1900 Empress Dowager Cixi fled from the Forbidden City during the Boxer Rebellion, leaving it to be occupied by forces of the treaty powers until the following year.
After being the home of 24 emperors—fourteen of the Ming Dynasty and ten of the Qing Dynasty—the Forbidden City ceased being the political centre of China in 1912 with the abdication of Puyi, the last Emperor of China. Under an agreement with the new Republic of China government, Puyi remained in the Inner Court, while the Outer Court was given over to public use,[15] until he was evicted after a coup in 1924. [16] The Palace Museum was then established in the Forbidden City.[17] In 1933, the Japanese invasion of China forced the evacuation of the national treasures in the Forbidden City.[18] Part of the collection was returned at the end of World War II,[19] but the other part was evacuated to Taiwan in 1947 under orders by Chiang Kai-shek, whose Kuomintang was losing the Chinese Civil War. This relatively small but high quality collection was kept in storage until 1965, when they again became public, as the core of the National Palace Museum in Taipei. [20]
The East Glorious Gate under renovation as part of the 19-year restoration process.
After the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, some damage was done to the Forbidden City as the country was swept up in revolutionary zeal.[21] During the Cultural Revolution, however, further destruction was prevented when Premier Zhou Enlai sent an army battalion to guard the city.[22]
The Forbidden City was declared a World Heritage Site in 1987 by UNESCO as the "Imperial Palace of the Ming and Qing Dynasties",[23] due to its significant place in the development of Chinese architecture and culture. It is currently administered by the Palace Museum, which is currently carrying out a sixteen-year restoration project to repair and restore all buildings in the Forbidden City to their pre-1912 state.[24]
In recent years, the presence of commercial enterprises in the Forbidden City has become controversial.[25] A Starbucks store that opened in 2000 sparked objections and eventually closed on July 13, 2007.[26][27] Chinese media also took notice of a pair of souvenir shops that refused to admit Chinese citizens in order to price-gouge foreign customers in 2006.[28]本回答被提问者采纳
"Gugong" redirects here. For other uses, see Gugong (disambiguation).
Coordinates: [show location on an interactive map] 39°54′53〃N 116°23′26〃E/39.91472°N 116.39056°E/39.91472; 116.39056
Imperial Palaces of the Ming and Qing Dynasties in Beijing and Shenyang*
UNESCO World Heritage Site
The Hall of Supreme Harmony (太和殿) at the centre of the Forbidden City
State Party China
Type Cultural
Criteria i, ii, iii, iv
Reference 439
Region** Asia-Pacific
Inscription history
Inscription 1987 (11th Session)
Extensions 2004
* Name as inscribed on World Heritage List.
** Region as classified by UNESCO.
This article contains Chinese text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters.
The Forbidden City was the Chinese imperial palace from the Ming Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty. It is located in the middle of Beijing, China, and now houses the Palace Museum. For almost five centuries, it served as the home of the Emperor and his household, as well as the ceremonial and political centre of Chinese government.
Built from 1406 to 1420, the complex consists of 980 surviving buildings with 8,707 bays of rooms[1] and covers 720,000 square metres (7,800,000 square feet). The palace complex exemplifies traditional Chinese palatial architecture,[2] and has influenced cultural and architectural developments in East Asia and elsewhere. The Forbidden City was declared a World Heritage Site in 1987,[2] and is listed by UNESCO as the largest collection of preserved ancient wooden structures in the world.
Since 1925, the Forbidden City has been under the charge of the Palace Museum, whose extensive collection of artwork and artifacts were built upon the imperial collections of the Ming and Qing dynasties. Part of the museum's former collection is now located in the National Palace Museum in Taipei. Both museums descend from the same institution, but were split after the Chinese Civil War.
Name
The Gate of Divine Might, the northern gate. The lower tablet reads "The Palace Museum" (故宫博物院)
The common English name, "the Forbidden City," is a translation of the Chinese name Zijin Cheng (Chinese: 紫禁城; pinyin: Zǐjinchéng; literally "Purple Forbidden City"). Another English name of similar origin is "Forbidden Palace".[3]
The name "Zijin Cheng" is a name with significance on many levels. Zi, or "Purple", refers to the North Star, which in ancient China was called the Ziwei Star, and in traditional Chinese astrology was the abode of the Celestial Emperor. The surrounding celestial region, the Ziwei Enclosure (Chinese: 紫微垣; pinyin: Zǐwēiyuán), was the realm of the Celestial Emperor and his family. The Forbidden City, as the residence of the terrestrial emperor, was its earthly counterpart. Jin, or "Forbidden", referred to the fact that no-one could enter or leave the palace without the emperor's permission. Cheng means a walled city.[4]
Today, the site is most commonly known in Chinese as Gùgōng (故宫), which means the "Former Palace."[5] The museum which is based in these buildings is known as the "Palace Museum" (Chinese: 故宫博物院; pinyin: Gùgōng Bówùyùan).
[edit] History
Main article: History of the Forbidden City
The Forbidden City as depicted in a traditional Ming Dynasty painting
The site of the Forbidden City was situated on the Imperial city during the Mongol Yuan Dynasty. Upon the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, the Hongwu Emperor moved the capital from Beijing in the north to Nanjing in the south, and ordered that the Yuan palaces be razed. When his son Zhu Di became the Yongle Emperor, he moved the capital back to Beijing, and construction began in 1406 of what would become the Forbidden City.[4]
Construction lasted 15 years, and required more than a million workers.[6] Material used include whole logs of precious Phoebe zhennan wood (Chinese: 楠木; pinyin: nánmù) found in the jungles of south-western China, and large blocks of marble from quarries near Beijing.[7] The floors of major halls were paved with "golden bricks" (Chinese: 金砖; pinyin: jīnzhuān), specially baked paving bricks from Suzhou.[6]
From 1420 to 1644, the Forbidden City was the seat of the Ming Dynasty. In April 1644, it was captured by rebel forces led by Li Zicheng, who proclaimed himself emperor of the Shun Dynasty.[8] He soon fled before the combined armies of former Ming general Wu Sangui and Manchu forces, setting fire to parts of the Forbidden City in the process.[9] By October, the Manchus had achieved supremacy in northern China, and a ceremony was held at the Forbidden City to proclaim the young Shunzhi Emperor as ruler of all China under the Qing Dynasty.[10] The Qing rulers changed the names of the principal buildings, to emphasise "Harmony" rather than "Supremacy",[11] made the name plates bilingual (Chinese and Manchu),[12] and introduced Shamanist elements to the palace.[13]
In 1860, during the Second Opium War, Anglo-French forces took control of the Forbidden City and occupied it until the end of the war.[14] In 1900 Empress Dowager Cixi fled from the Forbidden City during the Boxer Rebellion, leaving it to be occupied by forces of the treaty powers until the following year.
After being the home of 24 emperors—fourteen of the Ming Dynasty and ten of the Qing Dynasty—the Forbidden City ceased being the political centre of China in 1912 with the abdication of Puyi, the last Emperor of China. Under an agreement with the new Republic of China government, Puyi remained in the Inner Court, while the Outer Court was given over to public use,[15] until he was evicted after a coup in 1924. [16] The Palace Museum was then established in the Forbidden City.[17] In 1933, the Japanese invasion of China forced the evacuation of the national treasures in the Forbidden City.[18] Part of the collection was returned at the end of World War II,[19] but the other part was evacuated to Taiwan in 1947 under orders by Chiang Kai-shek, whose Kuomintang was losing the Chinese Civil War. This relatively small but high quality collection was kept in storage until 1965, when they again became public, as the core of the National Palace Museum in Taipei. [20]
The East Glorious Gate under renovation as part of the 19-year restoration process.
After the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, some damage was done to the Forbidden City as the country was swept up in revolutionary zeal.[21] During the Cultural Revolution, however, further destruction was prevented when Premier Zhou Enlai sent an army battalion to guard the city.[22]
The Forbidden City was declared a World Heritage Site in 1987 by UNESCO as the "Imperial Palace of the Ming and Qing Dynasties",[23] due to its significant place in the development of Chinese architecture and culture. It is currently administered by the Palace Museum, which is currently carrying out a sixteen-year restoration project to repair and restore all buildings in the Forbidden City to their pre-1912 state.[24]
In recent years, the presence of commercial enterprises in the Forbidden City has become controversial.[25] A Starbucks store that opened in 2000 sparked objections and eventually closed on July 13, 2007.[26][27] Chinese media also took notice of a pair of souvenir shops that refused to admit Chinese citizens in order to price-gouge foreign customers in 2006.[28]本回答被提问者采纳
