如题所述
The Constitutional Monarchy
The political system of UK is constitutional monarchy, a system of government in which a king or queen acts as Head of State, while the ability to make and pass legislation resides with an elected parliament. Contrary to absolutism or absolute monarchy where a monarchy rules with total power, the power of the monarch under constitutional monarchy is restrained by a parliament, by law or by custom; as in the United Kingdom the Sovereign reigns but does not rule.
The hereditary monarchy is the oldest secular institution of government in the UK, with roots that can be traced back to the Saxons who ruled from the 5th until the Norman Conquest in 1066. In over 1000 years, its continuity has been broken only once by Cromwell’s “Commonwealth”, which lasted from the execution of Charles I to the restoration of Charles II.
The origins of the constitutional monarchy, however, go back to the time when the leading nobles of England succeeded in forcing King John to sign the Magna Carta in 1215. Until the end of 17th century, British monarchs were executive monarchs, enjoying the rights to make and pass legislation.
The real sense constitutional monarchy started from the Glorious Revolution in 1688 and the subsequent Bill of Rights of 1689, which established basic tenets such as the supremacy of parliament. By the reign of George V, the principle of constitutional monarchy was firmly established in Britain. The constitutional monarchy we know today really developed in the 18th and 19th centuries, as day-to-day power came to be exercised by ministers in Cabinet and by Parliaments by a steadily-widening electorate.
In modern Britain, where class and privilege are no longer as important as they used to be, an institution like monarchy might seem obsolete. However, any serious attempt to abolish the monarchy would meet with violent opposition from all sectors of British society.
What then is the use of having a Monarch?
As a system of government, constitutional monarchy has its strengths. One is that it separates out the ceremonial and official duties of Head of State from party politics. Walter Bagehot, one of the most important Victorian writers on the subject of constitutional monarchy, describes the way in which monarchy symbolize the unity of the national community. “The nation is divided into parties, but the crown is of no party. Its apparent separation from business is that which removes it both from enmities and from desecration, which preserves its mystery, which enables it to combine the affection of conflicting parties...”
Besides, from the point of view of political power, according to Bagehot, the main influence of Sovereign is during a political ministry, for Sovereign has three rights: “the right to be consulted, the right to encourage, the right to warn”. A Sovereign would, over the course of a long reign, accumulate far more knowledge and experience than any minister. Even though the Queen could do nothing to alter Cabinet decisions and never refuses her assent to something she disagrees with because she knows this would be unconstitutional, she sometimes has a definite and beneficial influence on the kind of decisions taken.
More than this, the constitutional monarchy focus, as a long-established tradition, provides a sense of stability, continuity and a national focus, since the Head of State remains the same even as governments and politicians come and go according to elections won or lost. The Monarch is always there, above party quarrels, representing the nation as a whole, and lending dignity and significance to all things done in her name. The system bridges the discontinuity in times of political and social change. With more than five decades of reading State papers, meeting Heads of State and ambassadors and holding a weekly audience with the Prime Minister, The Queen has an unequalled store of experience upon which successive Prime Ministers have been able to draw.
The British Monarchy is the supreme illustration of the way British institutions develop. Violent upheavals are rare. Instead, the existing is slowly modified to suit fresh conditions, until in the end the impossible is achieved—a completely new system which still looks exactly like the old. And the pride of the British is that although it is illogical, it works.
译文：
君主立宪制
英国的政治体制是君主立宪制，即国王或王后担任国家元首的政府制度，而制定和通过立法的能力则由选举产生的议会负责。君主专制统治下的君主专制主义或专制君主政体，君主立宪制下君主的权力受到议会、法律或习俗的制约；在英国，君主统治但不统治。
世袭君主制是英国最古老的世俗政体，其根源可追溯到第五至1066年诺尔曼征服的撒克逊人。在1000多年的时间里，克伦威尔的“联邦”一次打破了它的连续性，从查尔斯一世的执行到查理二世的复辟。
君主立宪制的渊源，然而，回去的时候，英国的贵族，成功地迫使约翰国王1215签署大宪章。直到十七世纪底，英国君主都是行政君主，享有制定和通过立法的权利。
真正意义上的君主立宪制是从1688的光荣革命和后来的《1689权法案》开始的，该法案确立了议会至上等基本原则。乔治五世统治时期，英国确立了君主立宪的原则。我们今天所知道的君主立宪制确实发展于第十八和第十九世纪，因为内阁和议会中的部长们的日常权力由不断扩大的选民行使。
在现代英国，阶级和特权不再像过去那么重要了，像君主政体这样的机构似乎过时了。然而，任何废除君主制的严肃企图都会遭到英国社会各阶层的强烈反对。
那么，拥有君主又有什么用呢？
君主立宪制作为一种政体，有其自身的优势。其一是将国家元首的礼仪和公务从政党政治中分离出来。Walter Bagehot，一个在君主立宪制的主体最重要的维多利亚时代的作家，介绍的方式，王权象征民族共同体的统一。这个国家分为两个党派，但这个国家没有党派。其表观与商业分离，删除它从仇恨和亵渎，保留它的神秘，这使它能够将冲突双方的感情…
此外，从政治的角度来看，Bagehot认为，主权的主要影响是政治部期间，主权有三项权利：“商量权，正确的鼓励，警告权”。在漫长的统治过程中，君主会比其他大臣积累更多的知识和经验。即使女王不能改变内阁的决定，也从不拒绝她不同意的东西，因为她知道这是违反宪法的，她有时对所做的决定有明确和有益的影响。
更重要的是，君主立宪制作为一个由来已久的传统，提供了一种稳定、连续性和国家重点的意识，因为国家元首仍然是相同的，即使政府和政治家根据选举的胜利或失败而来或去。君主总是站在那里，超越党派纷争，代表整个国家，为她所做的一切事情赋予尊严和意义。在政治和社会变革的时代，这一体系是桥梁的桥梁。拥有超过五年的阅读报纸，国家和大使首脑会议持每周的观众与首相，女王有一个无与伦比的存储经验的历届首相已经能够得出。
英国君主政体是英国制度发展的最高例证。暴力剧变是罕见的。相反，现有的慢慢修正以适应新的条件，直到最后不可能取得完全的新系统看起来完全一样。英国人的骄傲是，尽管它不合逻辑，但它确实有效。
The political system of UK is constitutional monarchy, a system of government in which a king or queen acts as Head of State, while the ability to make and pass legislation resides with an elected parliament. Contrary to absolutism or absolute monarchy where a monarchy rules with total power, the power of the monarch under constitutional monarchy is restrained by a parliament, by law or by custom; as in the United Kingdom the Sovereign reigns but does not rule.
The hereditary monarchy is the oldest secular institution of government in the UK, with roots that can be traced back to the Saxons who ruled from the 5th until the Norman Conquest in 1066. In over 1000 years, its continuity has been broken only once by Cromwell’s “Commonwealth”, which lasted from the execution of Charles I to the restoration of Charles II.
The origins of the constitutional monarchy, however, go back to the time when the leading nobles of England succeeded in forcing King John to sign the Magna Carta in 1215. Until the end of 17th century, British monarchs were executive monarchs, enjoying the rights to make and pass legislation.
The real sense constitutional monarchy started from the Glorious Revolution in 1688 and the subsequent Bill of Rights of 1689, which established basic tenets such as the supremacy of parliament. By the reign of George V, the principle of constitutional monarchy was firmly established in Britain. The constitutional monarchy we know today really developed in the 18th and 19th centuries, as day-to-day power came to be exercised by ministers in Cabinet and by Parliaments by a steadily-widening electorate.
In modern Britain, where class and privilege are no longer as important as they used to be, an institution like monarchy might seem obsolete. However, any serious attempt to abolish the monarchy would meet with violent opposition from all sectors of British society.
What then is the use of having a Monarch?
As a system of government, constitutional monarchy has its strengths. One is that it separates out the ceremonial and official duties of Head of State from party politics. Walter Bagehot, one of the most important Victorian writers on the subject of constitutional monarchy, describes the way in which monarchy symbolize the unity of the national community. “The nation is divided into parties, but the crown is of no party. Its apparent separation from business is that which removes it both from enmities and from desecration, which preserves its mystery, which enables it to combine the affection of conflicting parties...”
Besides, from the point of view of political power, according to Bagehot, the main influence of Sovereign is during a political ministry, for Sovereign has three rights: “the right to be consulted, the right to encourage, the right to warn”. A Sovereign would, over the course of a long reign, accumulate far more knowledge and experience than any minister. Even though the Queen could do nothing to alter Cabinet decisions and never refuses her assent to something she disagrees with because she knows this would be unconstitutional, she sometimes has a definite and beneficial influence on the kind of decisions taken.
More than this, the constitutional monarchy focus, as a long-established tradition, provides a sense of stability, continuity and a national focus, since the Head of State remains the same even as governments and politicians come and go according to elections won or lost. The Monarch is always there, above party quarrels, representing the nation as a whole, and lending dignity and significance to all things done in her name. The system bridges the discontinuity in times of political and social change. With more than five decades of reading State papers, meeting Heads of State and ambassadors and holding a weekly audience with the Prime Minister, The Queen has an unequalled store of experience upon which successive Prime Ministers have been able to draw.
The British Monarchy is the supreme illustration of the way British institutions develop. Violent upheavals are rare. Instead, the existing is slowly modified to suit fresh conditions, until in the end the impossible is achieved—a completely new system which still looks exactly like the old. And the pride of the British is that although it is illogical, it works.
译文：
君主立宪制
英国的政治体制是君主立宪制，即国王或王后担任国家元首的政府制度，而制定和通过立法的能力则由选举产生的议会负责。君主专制统治下的君主专制主义或专制君主政体，君主立宪制下君主的权力受到议会、法律或习俗的制约；在英国，君主统治但不统治。
世袭君主制是英国最古老的世俗政体，其根源可追溯到第五至1066年诺尔曼征服的撒克逊人。在1000多年的时间里，克伦威尔的“联邦”一次打破了它的连续性，从查尔斯一世的执行到查理二世的复辟。
君主立宪制的渊源，然而，回去的时候，英国的贵族，成功地迫使约翰国王1215签署大宪章。直到十七世纪底，英国君主都是行政君主，享有制定和通过立法的权利。
真正意义上的君主立宪制是从1688的光荣革命和后来的《1689权法案》开始的，该法案确立了议会至上等基本原则。乔治五世统治时期，英国确立了君主立宪的原则。我们今天所知道的君主立宪制确实发展于第十八和第十九世纪，因为内阁和议会中的部长们的日常权力由不断扩大的选民行使。
在现代英国，阶级和特权不再像过去那么重要了，像君主政体这样的机构似乎过时了。然而，任何废除君主制的严肃企图都会遭到英国社会各阶层的强烈反对。
那么，拥有君主又有什么用呢？
君主立宪制作为一种政体，有其自身的优势。其一是将国家元首的礼仪和公务从政党政治中分离出来。Walter Bagehot，一个在君主立宪制的主体最重要的维多利亚时代的作家，介绍的方式，王权象征民族共同体的统一。这个国家分为两个党派，但这个国家没有党派。其表观与商业分离，删除它从仇恨和亵渎，保留它的神秘，这使它能够将冲突双方的感情…
此外，从政治的角度来看，Bagehot认为，主权的主要影响是政治部期间，主权有三项权利：“商量权，正确的鼓励，警告权”。在漫长的统治过程中，君主会比其他大臣积累更多的知识和经验。即使女王不能改变内阁的决定，也从不拒绝她不同意的东西，因为她知道这是违反宪法的，她有时对所做的决定有明确和有益的影响。
更重要的是，君主立宪制作为一个由来已久的传统，提供了一种稳定、连续性和国家重点的意识，因为国家元首仍然是相同的，即使政府和政治家根据选举的胜利或失败而来或去。君主总是站在那里，超越党派纷争，代表整个国家，为她所做的一切事情赋予尊严和意义。在政治和社会变革的时代，这一体系是桥梁的桥梁。拥有超过五年的阅读报纸，国家和大使首脑会议持每周的观众与首相，女王有一个无与伦比的存储经验的历届首相已经能够得出。
英国君主政体是英国制度发展的最高例证。暴力剧变是罕见的。相反，现有的慢慢修正以适应新的条件，直到最后不可能取得完全的新系统看起来完全一样。英国人的骄傲是，尽管它不合逻辑，但它确实有效。
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第1个回答 2013-11-09
Britain was the world's first country to establish constitutional monarchy, constitutional monarchy of the United Kingdom are British "Glorious Revolution" and built up. At around the mid-13th century, nobles in the same King Henry III to win the struggle, the establishment of Parliament. 13 after the end of the century, the regular convening of Parliament, Members of the aristocracy, the public and the Knight of the benefits from all walks of life because of different, usually not with a meeting after the 14th century, gradually divided into upper and lower houses of parliament. Since then, the lower house of the power of expanding, 15 century, the lower house of the motion has been put forward financial and legal powers of the motion. However, during this period the feudal nature of Parliament is still the representative body of the Level. The United Kingdom before and after the bourgeois revolution, the Parliament has become the representative of the bourgeoisie with the feudal forces in the struggle against Stuart political center. After the Glorious Revolution, Parliament passed one after another "bill of rights" and "the law of succession to the throne," from a legal confirmation on the "parliamentary sovereignty" principle, to further restrict the kingship. Without the consent of Parliament, the King shall not be approved by law, the abolition of the law or the suspension of application of the law; and provides for the king must profess the Anglican Church, Catholics or Catholic marriage shall not inherit the throne.
第2个回答 2013-12-27
The British monarchyThe monarchy of theUnited Kingdom(commonly referred to as the British monarchy) is the constitutional monarchy
of theUnited Kingdomand its overseas territories. The British monarchy traces its origins from the
Kings of the Angles and the early Scottish Kings. By the year 1000, the kingdoms ofEnglandandScotlandhad developed from the petty kingdoms of early medievalBritain. The
last Anglo-Saxon monarch (Harold II) was defeated and killed in the Norman
invasion of 1066 and the English monarchy passed to the Norman conquerors. In
the thirteenth century, the principality ofWaleswas absorbed byEngland,
and Magna Carta began the process of reducing the political powers of the
monarch.From 1603, when the Scottish King James VI inherited the English throne as
James I, both kingdoms were ruled by a single monarch. From 1649 to 1660 the
tradition of monarchy was broken by the republicanCommonwealthofEnglandthat followed the War of the Three Kingdoms. The Act of Settlement 1701, which
is still in force, excluded Roman Catholics, or those married to Catholics,
from succession to the English throne. In 1707 the kingdoms of England and
Scotland were merged to create the Kingdom of Great Britain and in 1801 the
Kingdom of Ireland joined to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland. The British monarch became nominal head of the vastBritish
Empire, which covered a quarter of the world's surface at its
greatest extent in 1921.
In the 1920s,
five-sixths ofIrelandseceded from the Union as the Irish Free State, and the Balfour Declaration
recognised the evolution of the dominions of the empire into separate,
self-governing countries within aCommonwealth of Nations.
After the Second World War, the vast majority of British colonies and
territories became independent, effectively bringing the empire to an end.
George VI and his successor, Elizabeth II, adopted the title Head of the
Commonwealth as a symbol of the free association of its independent member
states
The Commonwealth
includes both republics and monarchies. At present fifteen other Commonwealth
countries share with theUnited
Kingdomthe same person as their monarch.
The terms British monarchy and British monarch are frequently still employed in
reference to the person and institution shared amongst all sixteen of the
Commonwealth realms,[ and to the distinct monarchies within each of these
independent countries, often at variance with the different, specific, and
official national titles and styles for each jurisdiction.
of theUnited Kingdomand its overseas territories. The British monarchy traces its origins from the
Kings of the Angles and the early Scottish Kings. By the year 1000, the kingdoms ofEnglandandScotlandhad developed from the petty kingdoms of early medievalBritain. The
last Anglo-Saxon monarch (Harold II) was defeated and killed in the Norman
invasion of 1066 and the English monarchy passed to the Norman conquerors. In
the thirteenth century, the principality ofWaleswas absorbed byEngland,
and Magna Carta began the process of reducing the political powers of the
monarch.From 1603, when the Scottish King James VI inherited the English throne as
James I, both kingdoms were ruled by a single monarch. From 1649 to 1660 the
tradition of monarchy was broken by the republicanCommonwealthofEnglandthat followed the War of the Three Kingdoms. The Act of Settlement 1701, which
is still in force, excluded Roman Catholics, or those married to Catholics,
from succession to the English throne. In 1707 the kingdoms of England and
Scotland were merged to create the Kingdom of Great Britain and in 1801 the
Kingdom of Ireland joined to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland. The British monarch became nominal head of the vastBritish
Empire, which covered a quarter of the world's surface at its
greatest extent in 1921.
In the 1920s,
five-sixths ofIrelandseceded from the Union as the Irish Free State, and the Balfour Declaration
recognised the evolution of the dominions of the empire into separate,
self-governing countries within aCommonwealth of Nations.
After the Second World War, the vast majority of British colonies and
territories became independent, effectively bringing the empire to an end.
George VI and his successor, Elizabeth II, adopted the title Head of the
Commonwealth as a symbol of the free association of its independent member
states
The Commonwealth
includes both republics and monarchies. At present fifteen other Commonwealth
countries share with theUnited
Kingdomthe same person as their monarch.
The terms British monarchy and British monarch are frequently still employed in
reference to the person and institution shared amongst all sixteen of the
Commonwealth realms,[ and to the distinct monarchies within each of these
independent countries, often at variance with the different, specific, and
official national titles and styles for each jurisdiction.
第3个回答 2013-10-27
Constitutional monarchy is a form of government in which a monarch acts as head of state within the guidelines of a constitution, whether it be a written, uncodified, or blended constitution. This form of government differs fromabsolute monarchy in which an absolute monarch serves as the source of power in the state and is not legally bound by any constitution and has the powers to regulate his or her respective government.
