请高手帮忙翻译为中文:
ps:谷歌、163,金山词霸等在线翻译或机器翻译的就免了,请高手帮忙下,谢谢了!
In recent years, stories detailing the abuse of derivatives have filled the pages of the business press. Derivatives were at the bottom of the scandal that engulfed Enron immediately after it declared bankruptcy in November 2001. As we have learned since then, Enron engaged in a variety of financial transactions whose express purpose was to give the appearance of low debt, low risk, and high profitability. This sleight of hand kept the stock price high and made shareholders happy, so no one complained. In fact, no one even looked. But eventually the day of reckoning came, and the company collapsed.
Financial derivatives were also linked to the collapse of Long-Term Capital Management(LTCM), a Connecticut-based hedge fund, in fall 1998. On a single day in August 1998, LTCM lost an astounding $553 million. By late September, the fund had lost another $2 billion. That left LTCM with over $99 billion in debt and $100 billion in assets. With loans accounting for 99 percent of total assets, repayment was nearly impossible. LTCM also had significant derivatives positions that did not show up on the balance sheet as assets or liabilities. These off-balance-sheet arrangements, which carried even more risk, were the primary cause of the fund’s stunningly swift losses.
If derivatives are open to abuse, why do they exist? The answer is that, when used properly, derivatives are extremely helpful financial instruments. They can be used to reduce risk, allowing firms and individuals to enter into agreements that they otherwise wouldn’t be willing to accept. Derivatives can also be used as insurance. For example, in winter 1998, a snowmobile manufacturer named Bombardier offered a $1,000 rebate to buyers should snowfall in 44 cities total less than half what it had averaged over the preceding three years. Sales rose 38 percent. The existence of “weather derivatives” enabled Bombardier to undertake this risky marketing strategy. Paying the rebates would have bankrupted the company, but Bombardier purchased derivatives that would pay off if snowfall were low. By using this unorthodox form of insurance, Bombardier transferred the risk to someone else.
What exactly are derivatives, and why are they so important? Though they play a critical role in our financial well-being, most people barely know what they are. This chapter will provide an introduction to the uses and abuses of derivatives.
衍生性金融商品同时也和长期资产管理的崩盘有关系,比如1998年秋天以美国Connecticut洲为总部的对冲基金的运作。当时仅仅一天之内长期资产管理方面就损失了令人惊骇的553百万美元(5.53亿美元)。到了9月底这项基金又再损失了20亿。最后长期资产管理(LTMC)账面上剩下的是超过990亿的债务和1000亿资产,并且在这1000亿资产当中贷款的数量占到了所有资产总额的百分之99,这些贷款基本已经无力偿还。衍生金融产品在长期资产管理(LTCM)中同样占了巨大的部分,但是并没有在财务报表中作为资产或者负债显示出来。这种“消失在财务报表中”的处理方式,承载了巨大的风险,这也是基金令人吃惊的迅速损失的原因。
如果衍生性金融产品是可以被滥用的,为什么他们还要存在呢?答案就是,如果运用的适当的话衍生性金融产品其实是非常有效的金融工具。可以用它们来降低风险,可以让公司和个人达成他们本来不愿意达成的协议。金融衍生产品还可以被用作保险。比如说,在1998年冬季,一个叫Bombardier的雪地汽车生产商提供了1000美元贴现给顾客,这个贴现时关于:如果在44个城市的降雪总量小于未来三年降雪预期的平均水平的一半,那么厂商返还给顾客1000美元。于是销量增加了百分之38。“天气衍生行金融产品”的存在使得Bombardier公司能够去做这种风险性的市场策略。如果最后真的要支付贴现的钱,公司将会倒闭,但是Bombardier公司同时自己也购买了衍生金融产品,当降雪量真的很小时,公司购买的衍生金融产品将使其得到资金来偿还债务。通过运用这种非正式形式的的保险,Bombardier公司将风险转嫁给了其它人。
到底什么是衍生金融产品呢?为什么它们这么重要?虽然它们对于我们金融环境的健康优良来说是个关键点,但是却很少有人了解它们。下面这一个章节将会对使用以及滥用衍生金融产品做一个介绍。
金融衍生工具也关系到美国长期资本管理公司(LTCM),它是一个位于康涅狄格州的对冲基金,1998年秋季破产崩溃。在1998年8月某天,一个长期资本管理公司惊人的损失了5.53亿美元。至9月底,该基金已经损失近20亿美元。这所资本管理公司背负着超过990亿美元的债务和100元亿美元的资产。随着贷款占总资产的90%,还款几乎是不可能的。长期资本管理公司也有显现衍生物的立场,只是并没有显示在资产或负债的资产负债表罢了。这些非资产负债表的安排,其实是包容着更多的风险,是该基金的损失速度如此惊人的主要原因。
如果金融衍生工具被滥用了,为何他们还会存在?答案是:如果使用得当,金融衍生工具是有其积极意义的。它们可以用来减少风险,使公司和个人便于签订协议,否则双方都不乐意接受。金融衍生产品还可以用作保险。例如,在1998年冬季,若在44个城市的降雪量不到总数的一半,或对比前三年平均值,那名为庞巴迪雷迪厂车制造商将提供1000美元的回扣给买家。销售增长了38%。笔者认为:“天气衍生品”的存在是庞巴迪承担这一风险的营销策略。支付回扣会让公司破产,但庞巴迪公司购买的衍生工具,会因降雪量很低而如数还清。通过使用这种非传统的保险形式,庞巴迪公司将风险转移给他人。
究竟什么是金融衍生工具,以及它们为什么如此重要?虽然它们并非稳健,但大家几乎都知道它们起着一个至关重要的作用。本章将提供一个对金融衍生工具的使用和滥用的介绍。
金融衍生也关系到了美国长期资本管理公司(LTCM),一个位于康涅狄格州的对冲基金,在1998年秋季崩溃。在1998年8月一天,一个惊人的长期资本管理公司损失5.53亿美元。到9月底,该基金已经失去了20亿美元。这留给了长期资本管理公司超过990亿美元的债务和100元亿美元的资产。根据贷款总资产的百分之九之久的比例,还款几乎是不可能的。长期资本管理公司也有显著的衍生品的职位,并没有出现在资产负债表上作为资产或负债。这些非资产负债表的安排,进行更多的风险,是该基金的损失惊人迅速的主要原因。
如果衍生工具被滥用,为什么他们存在?答案是,如果使用得当,衍生金融工具是非常有帮助。它们可以用来减少风险,使公司和个人签订协议,否则他们不会愿意接受。衍生产品还可以用作保险。例如,在1998年冬季,一个名为庞巴迪雪地车制造商提供1000美元的回扣给买家应在44个城市降雪数量不到前三年平均值的一半。销售增长了百分之38。作者:“天气衍生品”的存在使庞巴迪承担这一风险的营销策略。支付回扣会破产的公司,但庞巴迪公司购买的衍生工具,将还清,如果降雪量很低。通过使用这种非正统的保险形式,庞巴迪公司的风险会转移给别人。
究竟什么是衍生工具,以及他们为什么如此重要?虽然他们在我们的财政稳健,大部分人几乎都知道他们是一个至关重要的作用。本章将提供一个对衍生工具的使用和滥用的介绍。
呼...LZ检查一下,我肯定是没有用翻译器...
呃.... 累死偶了,哈哈~~
希望LZ满意哦
In recent years, stories detailing the abuse of derivatives have filled the pages of the business press. →近年来,故事详细介绍了衍生工具的滥用已填补了商业媒体的网页。
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A_Y 很厉害,建议采纳
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